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Insight into structural degradation of NCMs under extreme fast charging process

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Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with extreme fast charging (XFC) capability are considered an effective way to alleviate range anxiety for electric vehicle (EV) buyers. Owing to the high ionic and electronic conductivity of LiNixCoyMnzO2 (x + y + z = 1, NCM) cathodes, the inevitable Li plating of graphite in NCM | graphite cell is usually identified as a key bottleneck for XFC LIBs. However, the capacity decay mechanism of cathode materials under XFC has not been fully investigated. In this work, three typical NCM cathode materials with different Ni fractions were chosen and their electrochemical performances under XFC associated with structural evolution were investigated. A faster capacity decay of NCMs under XFC conditions is observed, especially for Ni-rich NCMs. In-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that the multiple c-axis parameters appear at the high-voltage regions in Ni-rich NCMs, which is probably triggered by the larger obstruction of Li (de)intercalation. Particularly, NCMs with moderate Ni fraction also present a similar trend under XFC conditions. This phenomenon is more detrimental to the structural and morphological stability, resulting in a faster capacity decay than that under low current charging. This work provides new insight into the degradation mechanism of NCMs under XFC conditions, which can promote the development of NCM cathode materials with XFC capability.

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摘要

具有极快充电 (XFC) 能力的锂离子电池 (LIBs) 被认为是减轻电动汽车 (EV) 购买者里程焦虑的有效方法。 由于LiNixCoyMnzO2 (x + y + z = 1, NCM)正极的高离子电导率和电子电导率, NCM|石墨电池中不可避免的Li在石墨上的沉积通常被认为是XFC LIBs的关键瓶颈。然而, XFC下正极材料的容量衰减机制尚未得到充分研究。 在这项工作中, 我们选择了三种具有不同 Ni 含量的典型 NCM 正极材料, 并研究了它们在XFC下与结构演变相关的电化学性能。我们观察到XFC条件下NCM的容量衰减更快, 尤其是对于高Ni含量的NCM。原位X射线衍射(XRD)表明, 多个c值出现在高镍NCM的高压区域, 这可能是由更大的锂 (脱) 嵌入阻碍引起的。特别是, 具有中等Ni含量的NCM在XFC条件下也呈现出类似的趋势。这种现象对结构和形态稳定性更加不利, 导致容量衰减比低电流充电更快。这项工作为XFC条件下 NCM 的衰减机制提供了新的见解, 可以促进具有XFC能力的NCM正极材料的开发。

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Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2020YFA0406203), Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission (Nos. JCYJ20180507181806316, JCYJ20200109105618137 and SGDX2019081623240948), the ECS scheme (Nos. CityU21307019, 7005500, 7005615, 7005612 and 7020043) and Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong.

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  1. Yu Tang and Xing-Yu Wang contributed equally to this work.

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  1. Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China

    Yu Tang, Xing-Yu Wang, Jin-Can Ren, Bo-Wen Chen, Zhi-Yong Huang, Wei Wang, Ya-Lan Huang, Bing-Hao Zhang & Qi Liu

  2. Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China

    Si Lan, Qi Liu & Hao He

  3. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China

    Zhang-Long He & Hao He

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Tang, Y., Wang, XY., Ren, JC. et al. Insight into structural degradation of NCMs under extreme fast charging process. Rare Met. 43, 41–50 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02454-2

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