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The evolution of the blue-green revolution of rice-fish cultivation for sustainable food production

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Abstract

Despite an increase in food production due to the green revolution of agriculture and corresponding to the blue revolution of aquaculture, the challenge of feeding an ever-increasing global population remains. Concerns have been raised about the environmental sustainability, food productivity, and social responsibility of the blue revolution. Similarly, the green revolution has received criticism for its socioeconomic and environmental impacts. A blue-green revolution of integrated rice-fish cultivation offers a solution to the issues of environmental sustainability, food productivity, and socioeconomic benefits. Combining the blue revolution (aquaculture) and the green revolution (agriculture), integrated rice-fish cultivation would provide a form of sustainable intensification that able to produce more food from the same area of land and water without or less environmental impacts. Compared to rice monoculture, rice-fish coculture could increase by up to 27% of total production. The integration of other crops (e.g., cattle, ducks, and vegetables) could increase a diverse food production. However, water management is one of the potential challenges for rice-fish culture. Further research with the collaboration of major stakeholders is needed to address water management for the wider adoption of rice-fish cultivation.

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Notes

  1. In addition to the blue and green revolution, other food production related revolutions are the “yellow revolution” of oilseed production, the “white revolution” of dairy as well as milk production, and the “brown revolution” of organic or natural food production with improving soil quality.

  2. Global capture fisheries have been stagnated since the late 1980s, which reached 96.4 million tons in 2018, will likely be stable at around 96 million tons by 2030 (FAO 2020a).

  3. Biological pollution is not relative to physical and chemical water pollution, instead it refers to disease outbreaks, parasite transmissions, adverse effects of invasive alien species, and genetic consequences of farmed and wild fish interbreeding (also known as genetic pollution).

  4. Blue carbon is the carbon stored, sequestered, and released from coastal and marine ecosystems, including mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses. The colors of carbon are fossil fuels “brown carbon”, dust particles “black carbon”, terrestrial ecosystems “green carbon”, and coastal and marine ecosystems “blue carbon” (Nellemann et al. 2009).

  5. Although food security has four interrelated elements: (1) availability, (2) access, (3) utilization, and (4) stability, this article only focuses on food availability and productivity.

  6. Phosphorus is the limiting factor for the growth of rice plants as well as primary production in aquatic ecosystems. Phosphorus can help to grow blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria.

  7. The selection of fish species is important as common carp (Cyprinus carpio) can damage to newly planted rice seedlings by uproot and eat them (Halwart and Gupta 2004).

  8. Biochar is rich in carbon with stable and solid, which can endure in soil for thousands of years. Biochar has the potential to help mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration.

  9. Extensive production typically uses modified versions of traditional methods with low-input (fish fry, feed, and labor) farming. Intensive fish cultivation under rice-fish systems is not possible due to low level of water in rice fields with short culture duration of rice production.

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Acknowledgments

The study was supported by the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Australia. The study was a part of the first author’s research work under the “Global Seafood Sustainability” Fellowship program in collaboration with the second author. The opinions and views expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions.

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  1. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia

    Nesar Ahmed & Giovanni M. Turchini

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  1. Nesar Ahmed
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Correspondence to Nesar Ahmed.

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Ahmed, N., Turchini, G.M. The evolution of the blue-green revolution of rice-fish cultivation for sustainable food production. Sustain Sci 16, 1375–1390 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00924-z

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