Abstract
Developing land suitability models for strategically critical agricultural products to expand sustainable agricultural policies and sensitive agriculture management has become a significant trend. This study aims to improve a unique land suitability model for hazelnut cultivation by applying the criteria set (7 main criteria, 35 sub-criteria) including qualitative and quantitative reasons, integrated fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, inverse distance weighting, multi-criteria decision analysis, geographic information system, and weighted linear combination approaches. The model developed in the present study was applied and tested in Ünye District of Ordu Province, where hazelnut production in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey is an important economic activity. While 71.17% of the study area is classified as very highly suitable, highly suitable, and moderately suitable, 28.83% of the study area has marginally suitable and unsuitable properties for hazelnut cultivation. Generally, it was determined that the coastal parts of the study area were the most suitable areas for hazelnut growing. The hazelnut land suitability model’s two main criteria impacting the final score values are climatic and topographic conditions, respectively. Heavy metal pollution and physical, chemical, and fertility conditions related to soil properties followed these, respectively. The first ten sub-criteria with the highest weight value were determined as elevation, annual average temperature, annual average precipitation, aspect, annual average relative humidity, nickel (pollution), slope, annual average maximum temperature, lead (pollution), and soil depth, respectively. Existing hazelnut cultivation areas were used to test the model. Of the existing cultivation areas, 75.59% coincided with the very highly suitable, highly suitable, and moderately suitable classes presented in this study, while 17.15% were in marginally suitable and 7.26% in unsuitable classes. The study results reveal that the hazelnut land suitability model developed is suitable in mild climate conditions. Using this model as a general transition model will be beneficial to test it in areas containing similar climatic conditions and various soil properties. This study will create a rational background in ensuring the sustainable food production system and security, agricultural land use planning, strategic planning and management of the hazelnut plant, increasing agricultural productivity and income, and the ecosystem.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abuzaid AS, Abdellatif AD, Fadl ME (2021) Modeling soil quality in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt using GIS techniques. Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci 24(2):255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2020.01.003
Akıncı H, Özalp AY, Turgut B (2013) Agricultural land use suitability analysis using GIS and AHP technique. Comput Electron Agric 97:71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.07.006
Akoto O, Ephraim JH, Darko G (2008) Heavy metals pollution in surface soils in the vicinity of abundant railway servicing workshop in Kumasi, Ghana. Int J Environ Res 2(4):359–364. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijer.2010.215
Alidust M, Sedaghathoor S, Gheshlaghi EA (2020) The effect of foliar application of boron and zinc on qualitative traits of hazelnut cultivars. Plant Physiol Rep 25(1):131–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-019-00470-y
An N, Turp MT, Türkeş M, Kurnaz ML (2020) Mid-term impact of climate change on hazelnut yield. Agriculture 10(5):159. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050159
Anderson DW (1988) The effect of parent material and soil development on nutrient cycling in temperate ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 5(1):71–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02180318
Aydinoglu AC (2010) Examining environmental condition on the growth areas of Turkish hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.). Afr J Biotechnol 9(39):6492–6502
Bauer A, Black AL (1994) Quantification of the effect of soil organic matter content on soil productivity. Soil Sci Soc Am J 58(1):185–193. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010027x
Bayraklı B, Dengiz O (2019) Determination of heavy metal risk and their enrichment factor in intensive cultivated soils of Tokat Province. Eurasian J Soil Sci 8(3):249–256. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.567357
Bayraklı B, Dengiz O (2020) An evaluation of heavy metal pollution risk in tea cultivation soils of micro-catchments using various pollution indexes under humid environmental condition. Rendiconti Lincei Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 31(2):393–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00901-1
Begum F, Bajracharya RM, Sitaula BK, Sharma S (2013) Seasonal dynamics, slope aspect and land use effects on soil mesofauna density in the mid-hills of Nepal. Int J Biodiv Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag 9(4):290–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2013.788565
Beyhan N, Odabaş F (1996) The climate factor’s effects on the yield in hazelnut and importance for growing. Ondokuz Mayıs Univ J Agricult Faculty 11:177–188 (In Turkish)
Bhogal A, Nicholson FA, Young I, Sturrock C, Whitmore AP, Chambers BJ (2011) Effects of recent and accumulated livestock manure carbon additions on soil fertility and quality. Eur J Soil Sci 62(1):174–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01319.x
Bignami C, Natali S (1996) Influence of irrigation on the growth and production of young hazelnuts. IV International Symposium on Hazelnut, vol 445. pp 247–262
Bouyoucos GJ (1951) A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agron J 43(9):434–438. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1951.00021962004300090005x
Bray RH, Kurtz LT (1945) Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci 59(1):39–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194501000-00006
Bregaglio S, Orlando F, Forni E, De Gregorio T, Falzoi S, Boni C, ..., Confalonieri R (2016) Development and evaluation of new modelling solutions to simulate hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) growth and development. Ecol Model 329:86–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.03.006
Bremner JM, Mulvaney CS (1982) Nitrogen total. In: Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR (eds) Methods of soil analysis, part II: Chemical and microbiological properties. ASA, Madison, pp 595–625
Bresler E (1972) Control of soil salinity. Optimizing the soil physical environment toward greater crop yields. pp 102–132
Buckley JJ (1985) Fuzzy hierarchical analysis. Fuzzy Sets Syst 17(3):233–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0114(85)90090-9
Calviño PA, Sadras VO (1999) Interannual variation in soybean yield: interaction among rainfall, soil depth and crop management. Field Crop Res 63(3):237–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00040-4
Camacho-Cristóbal JJ, Rexach J, González-Fontes A (2008) Boron in plants: deficiency and toxicity. J Integr Plant Biol 50(10):1247–1255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00742.x
Cottenie A, Verloo A, Kiekens L, Velghe G, Camerlinck R (1982) Chemical analysis of plants and soils. Laboratory of Anal and Agrochem State University of Ghent, Ghent, p 63
Dedeoğlu M, Dengiz O (2019) Generating of land suitability index for wheat with hybrid system approach using AHP and GIS. Comput Electron Agric 167:105062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.105062
Deng H (1999) Multicriteria analysis with fuzzy pairwise comparison. Int J Approximate Reasoning 21(3):215–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0888-613X(99)00025-0
Dengiz O (2013) Land suitability assessment for rice cultivation based on GIS modeling. Turk J Agric for 37(3):326–334. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1206-51
Dengiz O (2020) Soil quality index for paddy fields based on standard scoring functions and weight allocation method. Archiv Agronomy Soil Sci 66(3):301–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1610880
Dengiz O, Özyazici MA, Sağlam M (2015) Multi-criteria assessment and geostatistical approach for determination of rice growing suitability sites in Gokirmak catchment. Paddy Water Environ 13(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-013-0400-4
Dereumeaux C, Fillol C, Quénel P, Denys S (2020) Pesticide exposures for residents living close to agricultural lands: a review. Environ Int 134:105210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105210
Doğanay H (2012) New developments in Turkish hazelnut cultivation. Eastern Geography J 27:1–22 (In Turkish)
Doran JW, Parkin TB (1996) Quantitative indicators of soil quality: a minimum data set. Methods for assessing soil quality/editors, John W. Doran and Alice J. Jones; editorial committee, Richard P. Dick...[et al.]; editor-in-chief SSSA, Jerry M. Bigham; managing editor, David M. Kral; associate editor, Marian K. Viney
Earth Data, 2021. https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gdem.asp (Accessed January 20, 2021).
Ersoy H, Kırmacı MZ, Ersoy AF (2006) Geology and formation of Yazkonağı Cave (Ünye-Ordu). J Geol Eng 30(1):39–48 (In Turkish)
FAO (1977) A framework for land evaluation. Int Instit Land Reclam Improv 22:87
FAO 2019. Hazelnuts (with Shell), Crops by countries, years, area harvested, yield and production quantity. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division.
Fekadu E, Negese A (2020) GIS assisted suitability analysis for wheat and barley crops through AHP approach at Yikalo sub-watershed, Ethiopia. Cogent Food Agricult 6(1):1743623. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1743623
Franzluebbers AJ, Stuedemann JA (2009) Soil-profile organic carbon and total nitrogen during 12 years of pasture management in the Southern Piedmont USA. Agr Ecosyst Environ 129(1–3):28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.06.013
Gugino BK, Idowu OJ, Schindelbeck RR, van Es HM, Wolfe DW, Moebius-Clune BN, Thies JE, Abawi GS (2009) Cornell soil health assessment training manual Edition 2.0. Cornell University, Geneva, pp 1–51
Gumus AT (2009) Evaluation of hazardous waste transportation firms by using a two step fuzzy-AHP and TOPSIS methodology. Expert Syst Appl 36(2):4067–4074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2008.03.013
Hishe H, Giday K, Van Orshoven J, Muys B, Taheri F, Azadi H, ..., Witlox F (2021) Analysis of land use land cover dynamics and driving factors in Desa’a forest in Northern Ethiopia. Land Use Policy 101:105039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105039
Hsieh TY, Lu ST, Tzeng GH (2004) Fuzzy MCDM approach for planning and design tenders selection in public office buildings. Int J Project Manage 22(7):573–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2004.01.002
IUSS Working Group WRB (2015) World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, update 2015: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. FAO, Rome. 203p
Jenks GF (1967) The data model concept in statistical mapping. Int Yearbook Cartography 7:186–190
Jha PK, Materia S, Zizzi G, Costa-Saura JM, Trabucco A, Evans J, Bregaglio S (2021) Climate change impacts on phenology and yield of hazelnut in Australia. Agric Syst 186:102982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102982
Jiang LL, Han GM, Lan Y, Liu SN, Gao JP, Yang X, Meng J, Chen WF (2017) Corn cob biochar increases soil culturable bacterial abundance without enhancing their capacities in utilizing carbon sources in Biolog Eco-plates. J Integr Agric 16(3):713–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61338-2
Jiang Y, Chen S, Hu B, Zhou Y, Liang Z, Jia X, ..., Shi Z (2020) A comprehensive framework for assessing the impact of potential agricultural pollution on grain security and human health in economically developed areas. Environ Pollut 263:114653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114653
Kahraman C, Ruan D, Doǧan I (2003) Fuzzy group decision-making for facility location selection. Inf Sci 157:135–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-0255(03)00183-X
Karaca S, Dengiz O, Turan İD, Özkan B, Dedeoğlu M, Gülser F, ..., Ay A (2021) An assessment of pasture soils quality based on multi-indicator weighting approaches in semi-arid ecosystem. Ecol Ind 121:107001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107001
Kazemi H, Sadeghi S, Akinci H (2016) Developing a land evaluation model for faba bean cultivation using geographic information system and multi-criteria analysis (A case study: Gonbad-Kavous region, Iran). Ecol Ind 63:37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.11.021
Kloke A (1980) Orientierungsdaten für tolerierbare gesamtgehalte einiger elemente in Kulturböden. Mitt VDLUFA 1–3:9–11
Kogo BK, Kumar L, Koech R (2021) Analysis of spatio-temporal dynamics of land use and cover changes in Western Kenya. Geocarto Int 36(4):376–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2019.1608594
Köksal Aİ (2002) Turkish hazelnut cultivars. Hazelnut Promotion Group, Ankara ISBN: 975–92886–1–3 p 136.
Kosztra B, Büttner G, Hazeu G, Arnold S (2017) Updated CLC illustrated nomenclature guidelines. Service Contract No 3436/R0-Copernicus/EEA. 57441 Task 3, D3. 1–Part 1. European Environment Agency.
Kumar A, Pramanik M, Chaudhary S, Negi MS (2021) Land evaluation for sustainable development of Himalayan agriculture using RS-GIS in conjunction with analytic hierarchy process and frequency ratio. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 20(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2020.10.001
Lacko-Bartošova M, Buday Š (2013) Global challenges for sustainable agriculture and rural development in Slovakia. J Central Euro Agricult 14(3):263–278. https://doi.org/10.5513/JCEA01/14.3.1316
Lacoste M, Lemercier B, Walter C (2011) Regional mapping of soil parent material by machine learning based on point data. Geomorphology 133(1–2):90–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.06.026
Liakas V, Rauckis V, Paltanaviius V (2001) Influence of phosphorus and potash fertilizers on germination, tillering and overwintering of winter wheat. Mokslo Darbai 74:3–12
Lindsay WL, Norvell WA (1978) Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Sci Soc Am J 42(3):421–428. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x
Loue A (1968) Diagnostic petiolarie de prospection. Etudes sur la nutrition et la fertilisation potasigues de la vigne. Societe Commerciale des Potasses d’Alsace services Agronomiques 31–41.
Luciani E, Palliotti A, Tombesi S, Gardi T, Micheli M, Berrios JG, ..., Farinelli D (2019) Mitigation of multiple summer stresses on hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.): effects of the new arbuscular mycorrhiza Glomus iranicum tenuihypharum sp. nova. Scientia Horticulturae 257:108659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108659
Maleki F, Kazemi H, Siahmarguee A, Kamkar B (2017) Development of a land use suitability model for saffron (Crocus sativus L.) cultivation by multi-criteria evaluation and spatial analysis. Ecol Eng 106:140–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.05.050
Mehlenbacher SA, Miller AN, Thompson MM, Lagerstedt HB, Smith DC (1991) ’Willamette’hazelnut. HortScience 26(10):1341–1342. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.26.10.1341
Minasny B, Hong SY, Hartemink AE, Kim YH, Kang SS (2016) Soil pH increase under paddy in South Korea between 2000 and 2012. Agr Ecosyst Environ 221:205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.042
Miransari M, Smith DL (2007) Overcoming the stressful effects of salinity and acidity on soybean nodulation and yields using signal molecule genistein under field conditions. J Plant Nutr 30(12):1967–1992. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160701700384
Mokarram M, Mirsoleimani A (2018) Using Fuzzy-AHP and order weight average (OWA) methods for land suitability determination for citrus cultivation in ArcGIS (Case study: Fars province, Iran). Physica A 508:506–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2018.05.062
Mulla DJ, McBratney AB (2000) Soil spatial variability. In: Sumner M, Warrick A, Huang PM (eds) Handbook of Soil Science. CRC Press, New York, pp A321–A352
Nabati J, Nezami A, Neamatollahi E, Akbari M (2020) GIS-based agro-ecological zoning for crop suitability using fuzzy inference system in semi-arid regions. Ecol Ind 117:106646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106646
Nabiollahi K, Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi R, Kerry R, Moradian S (2017) Assessment of soil quality indices for salt-affected agricultural land in Kurdistan Province, Iran. Ecol Indicat 83:482–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.001
Neina D (2019) The role of soil pH in plant nutrition and soil remediation. Appl Environ Soil Sci 2019:5794869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5794869
Nelson DW, Sommers LE (1982) Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page LA, Miller RH, Keeney DR (eds) Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Methods, 2nd edn. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 539–579
Nguyen H, Nguyen T, Hoang N, Bui D, Vu H, Van T (2020) The application of LSE software: a new approach for land suitability evaluation in agriculture. Comput Electron Agric 173:105440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105440
Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanabe FS, Dean LA (1954) Estimation of available phosphorous in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate (USDA Circular No. 939). U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington
Ortega-Farias S, Villalobos-Soublett E, Riveros-Burgos C, Zúñiga M, Ahumada-Orellana LE (2020) Effect of irrigation cut-off strategies on yield, water productivity and gas exchange in a drip-irrigated hazelnut (Corylus avellana L. cv. Tonda di Giffoni) orchard under semiarid conditions. Agricult Water Manag 238:106173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106173
Ostovari Y, Honarbakhsh A, Sangoony H, Zolfaghari F, Maleki K, Ingram B (2019) GIS and multi-criteria decision-making analysis assessment of land suitability for rapeseed farming in calcareous soils of semi-arid regions. Ecol Ind 103:479–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.051
Özcan H, Dengiz O, Erşahin S (2017) Alisols-Acrisols. The Soils of Turkey. World Soils Book Series. Ed: Kapur S, Akça, E, Günal H (eBook). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64392-2. This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature pp, 367
Özkan B, Dengiz O, Turan İD (2019) Site suitability assessment and mapping for rice cultivation using multi-criteria decision analysis based on fuzzy-AHP and TOPSIS approaches under semihumid ecological condition in delta plain. Paddy Water Environ, 17(4):665–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-019-00692-8
Özkan B, Dengiz O, Turan İD (2020) Site suitability analysis for potential agricultural land with spatial fuzzy multi-criteria decision analysis in regional scale under semi-arid terrestrial ecosystem. Sci Rep 10:22074. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79105-4
Pannico A, Cirillo C, Giaccone M, Scognamiglio P, Romano R, Caporaso N, ..., Basile B (2017) Fruit position within the canopy affects kernel lipid composition of hazelnuts. J Sci Food Agric 97(14):4790–4799. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8348
Pilevar AR, Matinfar HR, Sohrabi A, Sarmadian F (2020) Integrated fuzzy, AHP and GIS techniques for land suitability assessment in semi-arid regions for wheat and maize farming. Ecol Ind 110:105887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105887
Pizer NH (1967) Some advisory aspect. Soil Potassium and Magnesium. Tech Bull 14:184
Qi Y, Darilek JL, Huang B, Zhao Y, Sun W, Gu Z (2009) Evaluating soil quality indices in an agricultural region of Jiangsu Province, China. Geoderma 149(3–4):325–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.12.015
Radočaj D, Jurišić M, Antonić O (2021) Determination of soil C: N suitability zones for organic farming using an unsupervised classification in eastern Croatia. Ecol Ind 123:107382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107382
Reis S, Yomralıoglu T (2006) Detection of current and potential hazelnut plantation areas in Trabzon, North East Turkey using GIS and RS. J Environ Biol 27(4):653–659
Richards LA (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. United States Department of Agriculture; Washington. https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/20360500/hb60_pdf/hb60complete.pdf.
Saaty TL (1980) The Analytic Hierarchy Process. McGraw Hill, New York
Safari Y, Delavar MA (2019) The influence of soil pollution by heavy metals on the land suitability for irrigated wheat farming in Zanjan region, northwest Iran. Arab J Geosci 12(2):21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-4190-2
Sağlam M, Dengiz O, Saygın F (2015) Assessment of horizantal and vertical variabilities of soil quality using multivariate statistics and geostatistical methods. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 46(13):1677–1697. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2015.1045596
Sarıoğlu FE, Saygın F, Balcı G, Dengiz O, Demirsoy H (2013) Determination of potential hazelnut plantation areas based GIS model case study: Samsun city of central Black Sea region. Eurasian J Soil Sci 2:12–18
Sauer T, Havlík P, Schneider UA, Schmid E, Kindermann G, Obersteiner M (2010) Agriculture and resource availability in a changing world: the role of irrigation. Water Resour Res 46(6):7729. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007729
Shorrocks VM (1997) The occurrence and correction of boron deficiency. Plant Soil 193(1):121–148. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004216126069
Soil Survey Staff (1992) Procedures for collecting soil samples and methods of analysis for soil survey. C., USA, Soil Surv Invest Rep I US Gov Print Office, Washington D
Sun CC (2010) A performance evaluation model by integrating fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS methods. Expert Syst Appl 37(12):7745–7754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.04.066
Tanaka M, Fujiwara T (2008) Physiological roles and transport mechanisms of boron: perspectives from plants. Pflügers Archiv-Euro J Physiol 456(4):671–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-007-0370-8
Tercan E, Dereli MA (2020) Development of a land suitability model for citrus cultivation using GIS and multi-criteria assessment techniques in Antalya province of Turkey. Ecol Ind 117:106549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106549
Tercan E, Tapkın S, Latinopoulos D, Dereli MA, Tsiropoulos A, Ak MF (2020) A GIS-based multi-criteria model for offshore wind energy power plants site selection in both sides of the Aegean Sea. Environ Monit Assess 192:652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08603-9
Tercan E, Eymen A, Urfalı T, Saracoglu BO (2021) A sustainable framework for spatial planning of photovoltaic solar farms using GIS and multi-criteria assessment approach in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Land Use Policy 102:105272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105272
Thompson MM (1981) Hazelnut culture in Oregon, U.S.A. Tree Crops J. 6(3):20–32
Tombesi A (1994) Influence of soil water levels on assimilation and water use efficiency in hazelnuts. In: Me G, Radicati L (eds) Proc 3rd Int Cong on Hazelnut. Acta Hort, Alba, pp 247–255
Turan İD, Dengiz O, Özkan B (2019) Spatial assessment and mapping of soil quality index for desertification in the semi-arid terrestrial ecosystem using MCDM in interval type-2 fuzzy environment. Comput Electron Agric 164:104933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.104933
Türkeş M, Öztaş T, Tercan E, Erpul G, Karagöz A, Dengiz O, ..., Avcıoğlu B (2020) Desertification vulnerability and risk assessment for Turkey via an analytical hierarchy process model. Land Degrad Dev 31(2):205–214. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3441
Ülgen N, Yurtsever N (1984) The guide of fertilizer and fertilization for Turkey. Publishing Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Soil Water General Directorate
Ulrich A, Becker R (2006) Soil parent material is a key determinant of the bacterial community structure in arable soils. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 56(3):430–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00085.x
Ustaoğlu B (2012) The effect of climatic conditions on hazelnut (Corylus avellana) yield in Giresun (Turkey). Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi 26:302–323
Van Laarhoven PJ, Pedrycz W (1983) A fuzzy extension of Saaty’s priority theory. Fuzzy Sets Syst 11(1–3):229–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0114(83)80082-7
Wilding LP, Bouma J, Goss DW (1994) Impact of spatial variability on interpretive modeling. In: Bryant RB, Arnold RW (eds) Quantitative modeling of soil forming processes, vol 39. SSSA Special Publication, Madison, pp 65–75
Wilson MJ (2019) The importance of parent material in soil classification: a review in a historical context. CATENA 182:104131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104131
Wolf B (1971) The determination of boron in soil extracts, plant materials, composts, manures, water and nutrient solutions. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 2(5):363–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103627109366326
Zadeh L (1965) Fuzzy sets. Inf Control 8(3):338–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X
Zhang J, Su Y, Wu J, Liang H (2015) GIS based land suitability assessment for tobacco production using AHP and fuzzy set in Shandong province of China. Comput Electron Agric 114:202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2015.04.004
Zhou HH, Chen YN, Li WH (2010) Soil properties and their spatial pattern in an oasis on the lower reaches of the Tarim River, northwest China. Agric Water Manag 97(11):1915–1922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.07.004
Zhu D, Wei Y, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Han J (2018) Heavy metal pollution and ecological risk assessment of the agriculture soil in Xunyang Mining Area, Shaanxi Province, Northwestern China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 101(2):178–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2374-9
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
ET and OD conceived the ideas and designed methodology, and collected the data; ET, OD, BO, and MAD analyzed the data; ET, OD, and MAD developed figure presentations; ET and OD led the writing of the manuscript; all authors (ET, OD, BO, MAD, and YBO) edited and revised the paper and gave final approval for publication.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tercan, E., Dengiz, O., Özkan, B. et al. Geographic information system–assisted site quality assessment for hazelnut cultivation using multi-criteria decision analysis in the Black Sea region, Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 35908–35933 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18127-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18127-5