Abstract
The mechanical properties and structures of fish scales have generated considerable research interest, however, comparative studies for different fish scales from different water regions have not been reported. In this paper, the surface morphologies, hierarchical structures and mechanical properties of four kinds of fish scales collected from freshwater, shallow sea, and deep sea in New Zealand are investigated. The results indicate that the surface morphologies of those fish scales are similar at ventro-lateral, dorso-lateral and anterior locations, and the hierarchical structures of those fish scales all consist of two layers: a bone layer and a collagen layer composed of collagen fibrils. However, the spiral angles of the collagen lamellaes of different scales are different. The largest are Mugil cephalus scales, while the smallest are Cyprinus carpio scales. Comparing the mechanical behaviors of those fish scales, the tensile strength of Carassius auratus scales is the largest, but the ductility is the lowest. Pristipomoides sieboldii scales have the best ductility. Further, the relationship between hierarchical structures and mechanical properties of fish scales is discussed. It is found that the spiral angles of the collagen lamellaes and bond/collagen thickness ratio both have a great influence on the mechanical properties of fish scales.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Meyers M A, McKittrick J, Chen P-Y. Structural biological materials: Critical mechanics-materials connections. Science, 2013, 339, 773–779.
Zhu D, Ortega C F, Motamedi R, Szewciw L, Vernerey F, Barthelat F. Structure and mechanical performance of a modern fish scale. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2012, 14, B185–B194.
Liu P, Zhu D, Yao Y, Wang J, Bui T Q. Numerical simulation of ballistic impact behavior of bio-inspired scale-like protection system. Materials & Design, 2016, 99, 201–210.
Jawad L A. Comparative scale morphology and squamation patterns in triplefins (Pisces: Teleostei: Perciformes: Tripterygiidae). Tuhinga, 2005, 16, 137–168.
Meyers M A, Lin Y S, Olevsky E A, Chen P Y. Battle in the Amazon: Arapaima versus Piranha. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2012, 14, B279–B288.
Liu P, Zhu D, Wang J, Bui T Q. Structure, mechanical behavior and puncture resistance of grass carp scales. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2017, 14, 356–368.
Murcia S, Miyamoto Y, Varma M P, Ossa A, Arola D. Contributions of the layer topology and mineral content to the elastic modulus and strength of fish scales. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2018, 78, 56–64.
Garrano A M C, Rosa G L, Zhang D, Niu L N, Tay F R, Majd H, Arola D. On the mechanical behavior of scales from Cyprinus carpio. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2012, 7, 17–29.
Lin Y, Wei C, Olevsky E, Meyers M A. Mechanical properties and the laminate structure of Arapaima gigas scales. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2011, 4, 1145–1156.
Murcia S, Lavoie E, Linley T, Devaraj A, Ossa E A, Arola D. The natural armors of fish: A comparison of the lamination pattern and structure of scales. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2017, 73, 17–27.
Ikoma T, Kobayashi H, Tanaka J, Walsh D, Mann S. Microstructure, mechanical, and biomimetic properties of fish scales from Pagrus major. Journal of Structural Biology, 2003, 142, 327–333.
Fang Z, Wang Y, Feng Q, Kienzle A, Müller W E. Hierarchical structure and cytocompatibility of fish scales from Carassius auratus. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2014, 43, 145–152.
Nelms M, Hodo W, Rajendran A M. A representative volume element based micromechanical analysis of a Bi-layered Ganoid Fish scale. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2017, 69, 395–403.
Murcia S, Miyamoto Y, Varma M P, Ossa A, Arola D. Contributions of the layer topology and mineral content to the elastic modulus and strength of fish scales. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2017, 78, 56–64.
Liu P, Wang J W, Zhu D J. Experimental study of the multiscale structure and mechanical properties of fish scale from grass carp. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2016, 33, 657–665. (in Chinese)
Yang W, Gludovatz B, Zimmermann E A, Bale H A, Ritchie R O, Meyers M A. Structure and fracture resistance of alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) armored fish scales. Acta Biomaterialia, 2013, 9, 5876–5889.
Wang L, Song J, Ortiz C, Boyce M C. Anisotropic design of a multilayered biological exoskeleton. Journal of Materials Research, 2009, 24, 3477–3494.
Oeffner J, Lauder G V. The hydrodynamic function of shark skin and two biomimetic applications. Journal of Experimental Biology, 2012, 215, 785–795.
Wainwright D K, Lauder G V. Three-dimensional analysis of scale morphology in bluegill sunfish, Lepomis Macrochirus. Zoology, 2016, 119, 182–195.
Dou Z, Wang J, Chen D. Bionic research on fish scales for drag reduction. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2012, 9, 457–464.
Wen L, Weaver J C, Lauder G V. Biomimetic shark skin: Design, fabrication and hydrodynamic function. Journal of Experimental Biology, 2014, 217, 1656–1666.
Motta P, Habegger M L, Lang A, Hueter R, Davis J. Scale morphology and flexibility in the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus and the blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus. Journal of Morphology, 2012, 273, 1096–1110.
Sopakayang R, De Vita R, Kwansa A, Freeman J W. Elastic and viscoelastic properties of a type I collagen fiber. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2012, 293, 197–205.
Quan H, Yang W, Schaible E, Ritchie R O, Meyers M A. Novel defense mechanisms in the armor of the scales of the “living fossil” coelacanth fish. Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28, 1–13.
Zimmermann E A, Gludovatz B, Schaible E, Dave N K N, Yang W, Meyers M A, Ritchie R O. Mechanical adaptability of the Bouligand-type structure in natural dermal armour. Nature Communications, 2013, 4, 2634.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Key R&D Program of Hunan Province (2017GK2130), High-level Talent Gathering Project in Hunan Province (2018RS3057), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M632957), and Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate. Our sincere thanks are due to Bruno David, Waikato Regional Council for arranging for the collection of fish samples from Lake Waikare, Waikato district and for Steve, the Counties Sport Fishing Club for collecting samples of mullets from Waiuku, South Auckland.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, D., Zhang, C., Liu, P. et al. Comparison of the Morphology, Structures and Mechanical Properties of Teleost Fish Scales Collected from New Zealand. J Bionic Eng 16, 328–336 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-019-0028-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-019-0028-1