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In the Eye of the Beholder: A Comprehensive Analysis of Stimulus Type, Perceiver, and Target in Physical Attractiveness Perceptions

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Abstract

Physical attractiveness plays a central role in psychosocial experiences. One of the top research priorities has been to identify factors affecting perceptions of physical attractiveness (PPA). Recent work suggests PPA derives from different sources (e.g., target, perceiver, stimulus type). Although smiles in particular are believed to enhance PPA, support has been surprisingly limited. This study comprehensively examines the effect of smiles on PPA and, more broadly, evaluates the roles of target, perceiver, and stimulus type in PPA variation. Perceivers (n = 181) rated both static images and 5-s videos of targets displaying smiling and neutral-expressions. Smiling images were rated as more attractive than neutral-expression images (regardless of stimulus motion format). Interestingly, perceptions of physical attractiveness were based more on the perceiver than on either the target or format in which the target was presented. Results clarify the effect of smiles, and highlight the significant role of the perceiver, in PPA.

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Notes

  1. We refer here to subjective perceived intensity, not intensity based on a standardized coding scheme (e.g., FACS).

  2. See Hönekopp (2006) for discussion of different approaches to conceptualizing the perceiver main effect with respect to private taste.

  3. Two additional stimuli types, in which dynamic smiling and neutral images including audio (i.e., vocalizations), were presented. We exclude these ratings as the audio was highly variable regarding content, volume, and clarity, complicating interpretation. Results do not meaningfully differ when the audio conditions are included.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Andrew Lipsitz and Matthew Karr for helping to develop our stimuli, and Leon Ginn for coding smile intensity.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Molly A. Bowdring, Michael A. Sayette & William C. Woods

  2. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Jeffrey M. Girard

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  1. Molly A. Bowdring
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Contributions

M. A. Bowdring and M. A. Sayette developed the study concept and contributed to study design. M. A. Bowdring was involved in collecting the data. M. A. Bowdring, W. C. Woods, and J. M. Girard designed the analytic plan. W. C. Woods and J. M. Girard conducted all analyses, and J. M. Girard contributed figures. All authors drafted the manuscript and approved the final manuscript for submission.

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Correspondence to Michael A. Sayette.

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Bowdring, M.A., Sayette, M.A., Girard, J.M. et al. In the Eye of the Beholder: A Comprehensive Analysis of Stimulus Type, Perceiver, and Target in Physical Attractiveness Perceptions. J Nonverbal Behav 45, 241–259 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-020-00350-2

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