A POLICY PERSPECTIVE ON COCONUT PROCESSING IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS
Keywords:
POLICY PERSPECTIVE, COCONUT PROCESSING
Abstract
For many island nations of the South Pacific the coconut palm is the most important smallholder tree crop. Most attempts to introduce processing; beyond the copra stage have failed. At the same time there is a declining trend in copra prices. Unlike most other major coconut producing countries (Philippines, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand), the South Pacific nations do not have significant expanding domestic urban markets. As a result they must look to alternative export markets and direct output to higher income, non‑traditional market niches.
This paper, part of an on‑going research project, presents arguments in favour of an export ‘demand‑pull’ strategy for the coconut industry based on a re‑examination of the coconut as a total resource rather than only as a source of a raw vegetable oil. The effective use of this resource requires that the fruit be processed as a mature fresh nut and that all parts of the nut are used. The strategy implies a switch in research priorities, away from plant breeding and disease control towards processing, domestic and international shipping, energy policies and market development. Improved markets would in turn give renewed impetus to the continuation of the excellent plant breeding work that has already been done.
References
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ATI (1987). Willage coconut processing in the Philippines'. Appropriate Technology International, Washington. Bulletin No. 10, May/June.
ARNDT, H. W. (1986). Book Review Of COLE & PARRY (1986) in Pacific Economic Bulletin 1: 1. July, p 19.
BANZON, J. A. & VELASCO, J. R. (1982). Coconut Production and Utilization. Manila, Philippine Coconut Research and De¬velopment Foundation, Inc. pp.xxii + 351.
BARNES, S. (l980). 200 Million Hungry Children, London, Grosvenor Books.
BENNETT, M. K. (l954). The World's.Food New York.
BOLLARD, A. (l979). Agricultural project design and evaluation in an island community. Monograph 15. ANU, Canberra, De¬velopment Studies Centre.
BREAG, G. R., HARKER, A. P., PADDON, A. R. & ROBINSON, A. P. (1984). 'The design, construction and operation. of a u¬nit for the carbonisation of coconut shell with recovery of waste heat.' Report of the Tropical Development and Re¬search Institute, G 182, iv + l8pp. London. April.
BROOKFIELD, H.C. (l984). '4 Boxes, Ports, and Places without Ports' in HOYLE & HILLING pp.61 79
BROOKFIELD, H. C., ELLIS, F. & WARD, R. G. (1985). Land, Cane and Coconuts: Papers on the rural economy of Fift, Canberra, The Australian National University.
CENTRAL BANK OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS (l987). Annual Report 1986. Honiara, Solornon Islands.
CHAMBERS, R. (1978). Towards rural futures: An approach through the planning of technologies’. Discussion Paper 134, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton.
CHILD, R. (l974). Coconuts Second Edition. London, Longmans.
CHENERY, H.B. (l960). 'Tatterns of industrial growth.'American Economic Review. Vol 50 (Sept): 624 54.
COLE, R. V. and PARRY, T. G. (eds) (l986). Selected Issues in Pacific Island Development. National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University, Canberra pp. vii + 264.
CONNELL, J. (l978). Taim bilong mani : the evolution of agriculture in a Solomon Island society. Monograph 12. ANU, Can¬berra, Development Studies Centre.
CONNELL, J. (1980). 'Remittances & rural development: migration, dependency & inequality in the South Pacific.' Occa¬sional Paper No. 22. ANU, Canberra, Development Studies Centre.
CONNELL, J. (l983). Migration, Employment & Development in South Pacific. Various country studies. Noumea, South Paci¬fic Commission.
CONWAY, G. R. (l985). 'Agricultural ecology and farming systems research.' in REMENYI (ED) (1985)
DAVIS, J. S., and RYAN, J. G. (l 987). 'Priority assessment in agricultural research: International and national perspectives.' Contributed paper. Australian Agricultural Economics So¬ciety Conference, Adelaide, February. 37p.
DAVIS, J. S. ORAM, P. A. and RYAN, J. G. (l987). Assessment of Agricultural Research Priorities: An International Perspective. Monograph No 4 Australian Centre for International Agricul¬tural Research, Canberra, Australia.
del ROSARIO, E. J., PAPA, G. M., BERGONIA. H. A. & REYES, C. S. (1986). 'Concentration of coconut water by plate and¬ frame reverse osmosis using cellulose acetate membranes.' ASEAN Food Journal Vol 2 No. l March.
DUNBAR, A. C. (l982). 'Control & ownership of transport resources: interisland shipping in Vanuatu'. Ph.D. Thesis, The Aus¬tralian National University.
EPSTEIN, A. L. (l963). The economy of modem Matupit: conti¬nuity and change in the Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain.'O¬ceania, 33:182 2 15.
ETHERINGTON, D. M. (1971). 'Economies of scale and technical efficiency: A case study in tea production'. Kampala, East Affican J. of Rural Development. 4:1 p72 87.
ETHERINGTON, D.M. (l 973).An Econometric Analysis ofSmall¬holder Tea in Kenya. Nairobi, East African Literature Bureau.
ETHERINGTON, D. M. (1974). The Indonesian Tea Industry.' Canberra, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies. 10:2 p83 113.
ETHERINGTON, D. M. (1984). The design and economic evalua¬tion of agroforestry technologies for the South Pacific.' Chapter VII in Schirmer, A, (Ed.) The Role of Agroforestry in the Pacific. (DSE, DOC 1233). p.71 88.
ETHERINGTON, D. M. & CARRAD, B. (l985). 'Production poli¬cies for tree crops in the South Pacific: Conflicts of interest and perception in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Is¬lands.' Tree Crops 84: Growing Up. Proceedings of the Se¬cond Australasian Conference on Tree and Nut Crops. Springvale, Victoria, Natural Resources Conservation League of Victoria. p.87 101.
FAIRBAIRN, T. I. J. (1985). Island Economies: Studies from the South Pacific. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies.
FISK, E. K. (1962) 'Planning in a primitive economy: specialpro¬blems of Papua New Guinea.'Economic Record, 38:462 478
FISK, E. K. (l962) 'Planning in a primitive economy: from pure subsistence to production of a market surplus.' Economic Record, 40:156 174
FISK, E. K. (l971) 'Labour absorbtion capacity of subsistence agriculture.' Economic Record, 47:366 378
FISK, E. K. (l981) 'Aid in the South Pacific: too much or not enough?.' Seminar paper. ANU, Economics Dept. R.S. Pac.S. 17/3/81 24p
FISK, E. K. (l986) 'Facific Island Agriculture'. Islands/Australia Working Paper No. 86/8. 28p. ANU, Can¬berra, National Centre for Development Studies.
FLEMING, E. M. and HARDAKER, J. B. (l986). 'Agricultural supply response in the South Pacific region.' Islands/Australia Working Paper No. 86/16 ANU, Canberra, National Centre for Development Studies. 39p.
FLEMING, E. M., HARDAKER, J. B. and JONES, S. C. (l987). 'Agrarian Development Strategies of South facifle Island Coun¬tries. ' Paper Presented at the Australian Agricultural Econo¬mics Conference, Adelaide, February.
FOLEY, G., BARNARD, G., & TIMBERLAKE, L. (l983). Biomass Gasification for Developing Countries. International Institute for Environment and Development, London.
FREEBAIRN, J. X, DAVIS, J. S. and EDWARDS, G. W. (1982). 'Distribution of Research Gains in multistage production sys¬tems.'Am J. Ag Econ 64:1. February p39 46.
HAGENMAIER, R.D. (l980). Coconut Aqueous Processing, Cebu City. San Carlos Publications. pp. xi + 213.
HARDAKER, J. B., FLEMING, E. M. and DELFORCE, J. C. (l986). 'Prospects for srmllholder development in the South facific: Background to research project.' Occasional Paper No. 1, South Pacific Smallholder Project, University of New Eng¬land.
HARDAKER, J. B. and FLEMING, E. M. (l986a). The South facific smallholder project: Outline.' Occasional Paper No. 2, South Pacific Smallholder Project, University of New Eng¬land.
HARDAKER, J. B. and FLEMING, E. M. (l986b). 'Policy issues in agricultural market development in the South Pacific region.' Islands/Australia Working Paper No. 86/17. 49p. ANU, Can¬berra, National Centre for Development Studies,
HOWLETT, D. (1973). Terminal development: from triballsm to peasantry.' in BROOKFIELD, H. (Ed.). The Pacific in Transi¬tion. Geographical Perspectives on Adaptation and Change. New York: St Martin's P.
HOWLETT, D., HIDE, R., & YOUNG,E. (1976). Chimbu: Issues in Development. Canberra, Development Studies Centre Mo¬nograph No. 4, A.N.U.
HOYLE, B.S. & HILLING, D. (eds) (l984). Seaport systems and spatial change. London, John Mey & Sons, Ltd.
JASIEWICZ,. J. (l987). 'Energy conservation issues in Solomon Islands.' Restricted report for United Nations Economic Com¬mission for Asia and the Pacific. Honiara, solomon Islands. April.
JARMAN, C. G., & ROPPINS, SAT (1986). 'An industrial profile of coconut fibre extraction and processing.' Report of the Tropical Development and Research Institute. G189, viii + 104pg. London. Oct.
JOHNSON, D. G. (1987). 'World agriculture in disarray revisited.' Plenary paper presented to the Australian Agricultural Eco¬nomics Society Conference, Adelaide, February.
JOHNSTON, B. and KILBY, P. (l975). Agriculture and Structural Transformation: Economic Strategies in late developing countries. London, Oxford University Press.
JOHNSTON, B. and MELLOR, J. W. (l960). The nature of agriculture's contribution to economic development.' Food Re¬search Institute Studies 1 :3
JONES, A. T (1987). Membrane and Separation Technology: The Australian Perspective. Canberra, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce. January.
JONES, W. O. (1960). 'Economic Man in Africa'. Food Research Institute Studies, Vol 1, No. 2, May.
KANEFF, S., INALL, E. K. & WEELAN, R. E. (l987). A range of high performance inflow reciprocating steam engines powered by solar, biomass and other sources of Steam.'Paper presented to the ISES Conference, Hamburg, September.
KUZNETS, S. (l957) Quantitative aspects of the economic growth of nations: II. Industrial distribution of national product and labor force.' Economic Development and Cultural Change. Vol 5 (July) Sup.
LONGWORTH, J. W. (l987) 'Biotechnology Scientific potential and socioeconomic implications for agriculture. 'A paper pre¬sented to the Australian Agricultural Economics Conference, University of Adelaide, February 1987.
LUCAS, D. & McMURRAY, C. (l986). 'Pacific Population Trends' Islands/Australia Working Paper No. 86/6. ANU, Canberra, National Centre for De velopment Studies
MASON, E. S. (1981). The coconut industry: present position and future policy.'in the Proceedings of the Solomon Islands Co¬conut Industry Workshop, Vol 2. Tambea. December.
MELLOR, J. W. (l985). The role of government and new agricul¬tural technologies.' Food Policy Statement No. 4. Washing¬ton: IFPRI. November.
MOLL, H. A. J. (l987). The Economics of Oil Palm. Pudoc,.Wage¬nigen
MYINT, H. (1964). The Economics of the Developing Countries. Chap 3 London, Hutchinson & Co.
NOQUI, H. (l986). 'A proposal for an integrated coconut proces¬sing plant.' a paper written for the Asian Institute of Manage¬ment, Manila.
OHKAWA, K. (l972). 'Agricultural technology and agrarian struc¬ture.' Reprinted in MEIER, G. (Ed.) (1976). Leading Issues in Economic Development Third Edition. New York
Oxford University Press. pp.601 607.
PERSLEY, G. J. (l984). 'Report on Sou th facific Regional Coco¬nut Meeting'. Canberra, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Unpublished.
RAFF, J. W. (1984). 'Research PKorities on Coconuts in the South Paciflc.' Canberra, Australian Centre for International Agri¬cultural Research. Unpublished.
REMENYI, J. V. (Ed) (l985). Agricultural systems research for de¬veloping countries: proceedings of an international workshop held at Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Richmond, N.S.W. 12 1 5th May.' Australian Centre for International Agricultu¬ral Research, Proceedings No. l 1, l 89p.
SCHLUTER, M. (1984). Constraints on Kenya's Food and Beve¬rage Exports. Research Report No. 44. Washington, International Food Policy Research Institute, l l 8p.
SEVELE, F. (1980). 'How successful is smallholding farming in the South Pacific Islands.' Nournea, South Pacific Bulletin. l st Quarter.
SHAND, R. T. (Ed.) (l980). The island states of the Pacific and Indian Oceans: an anatomy of development. Monograph No. 23 ANU, Canberra, Development Studies Centre.
SOCOCO (no date). Product brochure for Sococo S.A. Industries Alimenticias, Alagoas State, Brazil.
STENT, W. R. (1984) TheDevelopmentofaMarketEconomyin the Abelam Monograph 20. Boroko, Papua New Guinea, Ins¬titute of Applied Social and Econornic Research.
STERN, N. H. (l972). An appraisal of tea production on smallhol¬dings in Kenya. Paris, Development Centre of the OECD.
STEWART, F. & STREETEN, P. (1976). 'New strategies for deve¬lopment: Poverty income distribution, and growth.'Oxford Economic Papers. 28
SUNDQUIST, W. B. (l 984). Technology and Productivity Policies for the Future.' Pamphlet No 4 of a series on 'The Farm and Food System in Transition : Ernerging Policy Issues.' Published by the Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University, Michigan.
UNIDO (1980). Coconut Processing Technology Documents. Se¬ven volurnes. UNIDO/IOD. 377.
WALL, D. (1986). 'Coconut processing in the Pacific Islands.' Is¬lands/Australia Working Paper No. 86/18. ANU, Canberra, National Centre for Development Studies.
WARD, G. R. & PROCTOR, A. (ed.) (l980). South Pacific Agriculture: Choices and constraints. South Pacific Agricultural Sur¬vey, Canberra, ANU Press.
WORLD BANK (1982). Control, Accountability, and Incentives in a successful development institution: The Kenya Tea Deve¬lopment Authority. Staff Working Paper No. 550. Washington.
WORLD BANK (l986). Price ftospects for Major Primary Commodities. Report No. 814/86. Vol II: Food products and fertilizers. Washington. October.
ATI (1987). Willage coconut processing in the Philippines'. Appropriate Technology International, Washington. Bulletin No. 10, May/June.
ARNDT, H. W. (1986). Book Review Of COLE & PARRY (1986) in Pacific Economic Bulletin 1: 1. July, p 19.
BANZON, J. A. & VELASCO, J. R. (1982). Coconut Production and Utilization. Manila, Philippine Coconut Research and De¬velopment Foundation, Inc. pp.xxii + 351.
BARNES, S. (l980). 200 Million Hungry Children, London, Grosvenor Books.
BENNETT, M. K. (l954). The World's.Food New York.
BOLLARD, A. (l979). Agricultural project design and evaluation in an island community. Monograph 15. ANU, Canberra, De¬velopment Studies Centre.
BREAG, G. R., HARKER, A. P., PADDON, A. R. & ROBINSON, A. P. (1984). 'The design, construction and operation. of a u¬nit for the carbonisation of coconut shell with recovery of waste heat.' Report of the Tropical Development and Re¬search Institute, G 182, iv + l8pp. London. April.
BROOKFIELD, H.C. (l984). '4 Boxes, Ports, and Places without Ports' in HOYLE & HILLING pp.61 79
BROOKFIELD, H. C., ELLIS, F. & WARD, R. G. (1985). Land, Cane and Coconuts: Papers on the rural economy of Fift, Canberra, The Australian National University.
CENTRAL BANK OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS (l987). Annual Report 1986. Honiara, Solornon Islands.
CHAMBERS, R. (1978). Towards rural futures: An approach through the planning of technologies’. Discussion Paper 134, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton.
CHILD, R. (l974). Coconuts Second Edition. London, Longmans.
CHENERY, H.B. (l960). 'Tatterns of industrial growth.'American Economic Review. Vol 50 (Sept): 624 54.
COLE, R. V. and PARRY, T. G. (eds) (l986). Selected Issues in Pacific Island Development. National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University, Canberra pp. vii + 264.
CONNELL, J. (l978). Taim bilong mani : the evolution of agriculture in a Solomon Island society. Monograph 12. ANU, Can¬berra, Development Studies Centre.
CONNELL, J. (1980). 'Remittances & rural development: migration, dependency & inequality in the South Pacific.' Occa¬sional Paper No. 22. ANU, Canberra, Development Studies Centre.
CONNELL, J. (l983). Migration, Employment & Development in South Pacific. Various country studies. Noumea, South Paci¬fic Commission.
CONWAY, G. R. (l985). 'Agricultural ecology and farming systems research.' in REMENYI (ED) (1985)
DAVIS, J. S., and RYAN, J. G. (l 987). 'Priority assessment in agricultural research: International and national perspectives.' Contributed paper. Australian Agricultural Economics So¬ciety Conference, Adelaide, February. 37p.
DAVIS, J. S. ORAM, P. A. and RYAN, J. G. (l987). Assessment of Agricultural Research Priorities: An International Perspective. Monograph No 4 Australian Centre for International Agricul¬tural Research, Canberra, Australia.
del ROSARIO, E. J., PAPA, G. M., BERGONIA. H. A. & REYES, C. S. (1986). 'Concentration of coconut water by plate and¬ frame reverse osmosis using cellulose acetate membranes.' ASEAN Food Journal Vol 2 No. l March.
DUNBAR, A. C. (l982). 'Control & ownership of transport resources: interisland shipping in Vanuatu'. Ph.D. Thesis, The Aus¬tralian National University.
EPSTEIN, A. L. (l963). The economy of modem Matupit: conti¬nuity and change in the Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain.'O¬ceania, 33:182 2 15.
ETHERINGTON, D. M. (1971). 'Economies of scale and technical efficiency: A case study in tea production'. Kampala, East Affican J. of Rural Development. 4:1 p72 87.
ETHERINGTON, D.M. (l 973).An Econometric Analysis ofSmall¬holder Tea in Kenya. Nairobi, East African Literature Bureau.
ETHERINGTON, D. M. (1974). The Indonesian Tea Industry.' Canberra, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies. 10:2 p83 113.
ETHERINGTON, D. M. (1984). The design and economic evalua¬tion of agroforestry technologies for the South Pacific.' Chapter VII in Schirmer, A, (Ed.) The Role of Agroforestry in the Pacific. (DSE, DOC 1233). p.71 88.
ETHERINGTON, D. M. & CARRAD, B. (l985). 'Production poli¬cies for tree crops in the South Pacific: Conflicts of interest and perception in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Is¬lands.' Tree Crops 84: Growing Up. Proceedings of the Se¬cond Australasian Conference on Tree and Nut Crops. Springvale, Victoria, Natural Resources Conservation League of Victoria. p.87 101.
FAIRBAIRN, T. I. J. (1985). Island Economies: Studies from the South Pacific. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies.
FISK, E. K. (1962) 'Planning in a primitive economy: specialpro¬blems of Papua New Guinea.'Economic Record, 38:462 478
FISK, E. K. (l962) 'Planning in a primitive economy: from pure subsistence to production of a market surplus.' Economic Record, 40:156 174
FISK, E. K. (l971) 'Labour absorbtion capacity of subsistence agriculture.' Economic Record, 47:366 378
FISK, E. K. (l981) 'Aid in the South Pacific: too much or not enough?.' Seminar paper. ANU, Economics Dept. R.S. Pac.S. 17/3/81 24p
FISK, E. K. (l986) 'Facific Island Agriculture'. Islands/Australia Working Paper No. 86/8. 28p. ANU, Can¬berra, National Centre for Development Studies.
FLEMING, E. M. and HARDAKER, J. B. (l986). 'Agricultural supply response in the South Pacific region.' Islands/Australia Working Paper No. 86/16 ANU, Canberra, National Centre for Development Studies. 39p.
FLEMING, E. M., HARDAKER, J. B. and JONES, S. C. (l987). 'Agrarian Development Strategies of South facifle Island Coun¬tries. ' Paper Presented at the Australian Agricultural Econo¬mics Conference, Adelaide, February.
FOLEY, G., BARNARD, G., & TIMBERLAKE, L. (l983). Biomass Gasification for Developing Countries. International Institute for Environment and Development, London.
FREEBAIRN, J. X, DAVIS, J. S. and EDWARDS, G. W. (1982). 'Distribution of Research Gains in multistage production sys¬tems.'Am J. Ag Econ 64:1. February p39 46.
HAGENMAIER, R.D. (l980). Coconut Aqueous Processing, Cebu City. San Carlos Publications. pp. xi + 213.
HARDAKER, J. B., FLEMING, E. M. and DELFORCE, J. C. (l986). 'Prospects for srmllholder development in the South facific: Background to research project.' Occasional Paper No. 1, South Pacific Smallholder Project, University of New Eng¬land.
HARDAKER, J. B. and FLEMING, E. M. (l986a). The South facific smallholder project: Outline.' Occasional Paper No. 2, South Pacific Smallholder Project, University of New Eng¬land.
HARDAKER, J. B. and FLEMING, E. M. (l986b). 'Policy issues in agricultural market development in the South Pacific region.' Islands/Australia Working Paper No. 86/17. 49p. ANU, Can¬berra, National Centre for Development Studies,
HOWLETT, D. (1973). Terminal development: from triballsm to peasantry.' in BROOKFIELD, H. (Ed.). The Pacific in Transi¬tion. Geographical Perspectives on Adaptation and Change. New York: St Martin's P.
HOWLETT, D., HIDE, R., & YOUNG,E. (1976). Chimbu: Issues in Development. Canberra, Development Studies Centre Mo¬nograph No. 4, A.N.U.
HOYLE, B.S. & HILLING, D. (eds) (l984). Seaport systems and spatial change. London, John Mey & Sons, Ltd.
JASIEWICZ,. J. (l987). 'Energy conservation issues in Solomon Islands.' Restricted report for United Nations Economic Com¬mission for Asia and the Pacific. Honiara, solomon Islands. April.
JARMAN, C. G., & ROPPINS, SAT (1986). 'An industrial profile of coconut fibre extraction and processing.' Report of the Tropical Development and Research Institute. G189, viii + 104pg. London. Oct.
JOHNSON, D. G. (1987). 'World agriculture in disarray revisited.' Plenary paper presented to the Australian Agricultural Eco¬nomics Society Conference, Adelaide, February.
JOHNSTON, B. and KILBY, P. (l975). Agriculture and Structural Transformation: Economic Strategies in late developing countries. London, Oxford University Press.
JOHNSTON, B. and MELLOR, J. W. (l960). The nature of agriculture's contribution to economic development.' Food Re¬search Institute Studies 1 :3
JONES, A. T (1987). Membrane and Separation Technology: The Australian Perspective. Canberra, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce. January.
JONES, W. O. (1960). 'Economic Man in Africa'. Food Research Institute Studies, Vol 1, No. 2, May.
KANEFF, S., INALL, E. K. & WEELAN, R. E. (l987). A range of high performance inflow reciprocating steam engines powered by solar, biomass and other sources of Steam.'Paper presented to the ISES Conference, Hamburg, September.
KUZNETS, S. (l957) Quantitative aspects of the economic growth of nations: II. Industrial distribution of national product and labor force.' Economic Development and Cultural Change. Vol 5 (July) Sup.
LONGWORTH, J. W. (l987) 'Biotechnology Scientific potential and socioeconomic implications for agriculture. 'A paper pre¬sented to the Australian Agricultural Economics Conference, University of Adelaide, February 1987.
LUCAS, D. & McMURRAY, C. (l986). 'Pacific Population Trends' Islands/Australia Working Paper No. 86/6. ANU, Canberra, National Centre for De velopment Studies
MASON, E. S. (1981). The coconut industry: present position and future policy.'in the Proceedings of the Solomon Islands Co¬conut Industry Workshop, Vol 2. Tambea. December.
MELLOR, J. W. (l985). The role of government and new agricul¬tural technologies.' Food Policy Statement No. 4. Washing¬ton: IFPRI. November.
MOLL, H. A. J. (l987). The Economics of Oil Palm. Pudoc,.Wage¬nigen
MYINT, H. (1964). The Economics of the Developing Countries. Chap 3 London, Hutchinson & Co.
NOQUI, H. (l986). 'A proposal for an integrated coconut proces¬sing plant.' a paper written for the Asian Institute of Manage¬ment, Manila.
OHKAWA, K. (l972). 'Agricultural technology and agrarian struc¬ture.' Reprinted in MEIER, G. (Ed.) (1976). Leading Issues in Economic Development Third Edition. New York
Oxford University Press. pp.601 607.
PERSLEY, G. J. (l984). 'Report on Sou th facific Regional Coco¬nut Meeting'. Canberra, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Unpublished.
RAFF, J. W. (1984). 'Research PKorities on Coconuts in the South Paciflc.' Canberra, Australian Centre for International Agri¬cultural Research. Unpublished.
REMENYI, J. V. (Ed) (l985). Agricultural systems research for de¬veloping countries: proceedings of an international workshop held at Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Richmond, N.S.W. 12 1 5th May.' Australian Centre for International Agricultu¬ral Research, Proceedings No. l 1, l 89p.
SCHLUTER, M. (1984). Constraints on Kenya's Food and Beve¬rage Exports. Research Report No. 44. Washington, International Food Policy Research Institute, l l 8p.
SEVELE, F. (1980). 'How successful is smallholding farming in the South Pacific Islands.' Nournea, South Pacific Bulletin. l st Quarter.
SHAND, R. T. (Ed.) (l980). The island states of the Pacific and Indian Oceans: an anatomy of development. Monograph No. 23 ANU, Canberra, Development Studies Centre.
SOCOCO (no date). Product brochure for Sococo S.A. Industries Alimenticias, Alagoas State, Brazil.
STENT, W. R. (1984) TheDevelopmentofaMarketEconomyin the Abelam Monograph 20. Boroko, Papua New Guinea, Ins¬titute of Applied Social and Econornic Research.
STERN, N. H. (l972). An appraisal of tea production on smallhol¬dings in Kenya. Paris, Development Centre of the OECD.
STEWART, F. & STREETEN, P. (1976). 'New strategies for deve¬lopment: Poverty income distribution, and growth.'Oxford Economic Papers. 28
SUNDQUIST, W. B. (l 984). Technology and Productivity Policies for the Future.' Pamphlet No 4 of a series on 'The Farm and Food System in Transition : Ernerging Policy Issues.' Published by the Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University, Michigan.
UNIDO (1980). Coconut Processing Technology Documents. Se¬ven volurnes. UNIDO/IOD. 377.
WALL, D. (1986). 'Coconut processing in the Pacific Islands.' Is¬lands/Australia Working Paper No. 86/18. ANU, Canberra, National Centre for Development Studies.
WARD, G. R. & PROCTOR, A. (ed.) (l980). South Pacific Agriculture: Choices and constraints. South Pacific Agricultural Sur¬vey, Canberra, ANU Press.
WORLD BANK (1982). Control, Accountability, and Incentives in a successful development institution: The Kenya Tea Deve¬lopment Authority. Staff Working Paper No. 550. Washington.
WORLD BANK (l986). Price ftospects for Major Primary Commodities. Report No. 814/86. Vol II: Food products and fertilizers. Washington. October.
Published
1988-12-01
How to Cite
Dan M. Etherington. (1988). A POLICY PERSPECTIVE ON COCONUT PROCESSING IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS. CORD, 4(02), 34. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v4i02.213
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Articles
