References
Auyang S (1998) Foundations of Complex-Systems Theories in Economics, Evolutionary Biology and Statistical Physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bechtel W, Richardson RC (1992) Emergent phenomena and complex systems. In: Emergence or Reduction? Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism (Beckermann A, Flohr H, Kim J, eds), 257–288. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Bechtel W, Richardson RC (1993) Discovering Complexity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Beckermann A (1992) Supervenience, emergence, and reduction. In: Emergence or Reduction? (Beckermann A, Flohr H, Kim J, eds), 94–118. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Boogerd FC, Bruggeman FJ, Richardson RC, Stephan A, Westerhoff HV (2005) Emergence and its place in nature: A case study of biochemical networks. Synthese 145: 131–164.
Broad CD (1925) The Mind and its Place in Nature. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Bukowski R, Szalewicz K, Groenenboom GC, van der Avoird A (2007) Predictions of the properties of water from first principles. Science 315: 1249–1252.
Burian RM, Richardson RC (1990) Form and order in evolutionary biology: Stuart Kauffman’s transformation of theoretical biology. In: PSA, Vol. 2, 267–287. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Campbell DT (1974) “Downward causation” in hierarchically organized biological systems. In: Studies in the Philosophy of Biology (Ayala FJ, T. Dobzhansky T, eds), 179–186. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kauffman S (1991) The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kim J (1993a) Supervienience and Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kim J (1993b) The non-reductivist’s troubles with mental causation. In: Mental Causation (Heil J, Mele A, eds), 189–210, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McLaughlin B (1992) The rise and fall of British emergentism. In: Emergence or Reduction? (Beckermann A, Flohr H, Kim J, eds), 49–93. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Stephan A (1992) Emergence: A systematic view on its historical facets. In: Emergence or Reduction? (Beckermann A, Flohr H, Kim J, eds), 25–28. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Stephan A (1999a) Emergenz: Von der Unvorhersagbarkeit zur Selbstorganisation. Dresden: Dresden University Press.
Stephan A (1999b) Varieties of emergentism. Evolution and Cognition 5: 49–59.
Wimsatt WC (1986) Forms of aggregativity. In: Human Nature and Natural Knowledge (Donagan A, Perovich AN, Wedin MV, eds), 259–291. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Richardson, R.C., Stephan, A. Emergence. Biol Theory 2, 91–96 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1162/biot.2007.2.1.91
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/biot.2007.2.1.91