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The Organization of African Unity and the United Nations: A Study of the Problems of Universal-Regional Relationship in the Organization and Maintenance of International Peace and Security

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2016

R. A. Akindele*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Ife, Nigeria
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Extract

World peace, like war, has tended to become indivisible. Nonetheless, the formal organization of international peace and security continues to be anchored to the principle of division and imperfect co-ordination of responsibility between universal and regional instrumentalities. The problem of maintaining world peace would probably have been much less troublesome than it is now if the international system had either been hierarchically organized, or based upon a strictly federal foundation. Needless to say, the global system remains largely a semi-primitive political order characterized, as it is, by a decentralized structure of power configuration.

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Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Council on International Law / Conseil Canadien de Droit International, representing the Board of Editors, Canadian Yearbook of International Law / Comité de Rédaction, Annuaire Canadien de Droit International 1971

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References

1 It was Litvinov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, who first publicly used the term “indivisibility of peace.” See League of Nations Official Journal, 1935, at 1142. Cited in Taracouzio, T. A., War and Peace in Soviet Diplomacy 195 (New York, 1940).Google Scholar

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8 R. A. Akindele, op. cit. supra note 3, ch. 4.

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22 As a result, the General Assembly of the United Nations is now numerically dominated by the Afro-Asian states.

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24 OAU Charter, Art. 2(i) (e).

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29 Cited in Africa, South of the Sahara, A.F.P., No. 979, June 27, 1963, at 11.

30 Ibid., No. 983, July 8, 1963, at 1 (emphasis added).

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39 Lauterpacht, Judge, [1955] I.C.J. Rep. 122 Google Scholar. See also Asamoah, Obed Y., The Legal Significance of the Declaration of the General Assembly of the United Nations 6 (The Hague, 1966).Google Scholar

40 Namely, budgeting, appointment of the Secretary-General, admission, suspension and expulsion of members.

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54 The US Ambassador to the UN, Stevenson: UN Doc. S/PV. 988, par. 93.

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56 Nogueira, op. cit. supra note 43, at 70–74.

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59 See supra note 20.

60 The Security Council censured Portugal for these incidents. See UN Monthly Chronicle, vol. 5, no. 8, 1969, at 34, 56; The Times (London), Dec. 10, 1969, at 5. The Council also recently condemned Portugal for an illegal attack against Senegal: see Daily Times (Lagos), July 18, 1971.

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82 It should be noted that although the OAU Charter curiously refrains from making any explicit reference to the preservation of African boundaries beyond saying that “respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each state and for its inalienable right to independent existence” is a purpose of the organization, a majority of African leaders at Addis Ababa in 1963 were in favour of status quo with respect to African boundaries unless, of course, states mutually consent to revise their frontiers. See Boutros-Ghali, supra note 25, at 29–30; Elias, supra note 25. It is also worth noting that a Resolution of the First Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government in Cairo in 1964 explicitly supported the maintenance of the present boundaries; it declared that “the borders of African States, on the day of their independence, constitute a tangible reality.” See Legum, , Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide 303 (1964)Google Scholar; Boutros-Ghali, op. cit. supra note 28, at 51–52.

83 UN Doc. S/5538 (Feb. 10, 1964).

84 UN Doc. S/5542.

85 UN Doc. S/5557, S/5558.

86 Cited in UN Doc. S/5558; Hoskyns (ed.), op. cit. supra note 81, at 60.

87 Text of Resolution in NATO: Facts About the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 277–78 (Paris, 1962).

88 Charter of Bogota, Art. 23; Pact of Bogota, Art. 50; Rio Treaty, Art. 2. See generally, Akindele, op. cit. supra note 3, at 293–94.

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101 Boutros-Ghali, supra note 25, at 36–37.