Abstract
Purpose of Review
Ebstein’s anomaly (EA) is a rare, but complex form of congenital heart disease consisting of a right ventricular myopathy and morphologic tricuspid valve disease leading to a high incidence of right ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmias. This review offers an updated overview of the current understanding and management of patients with EA with a focus on the adult population.
Recent Findings
Increased understanding of anatomic accessory atrioventricular pathways in EA has resulted in an improvement in ablation techniques and long-term freedom of atrial arrhythmia recurrence.
Summary
Despite an improvement in understanding and recognition of EA, significant disease heterogeneity and complex treatment options continue to challenge providers, with the best outcomes achieved at expert congenital heart disease centers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance
Forrester MB, Merz RD. Descriptive epidemiology of selected congenital heart defects, Hawaii, 1986-1999. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2004;18(6):415–24.
Boyle B, Garne E, Loane M, Addor MC, Arriola L, Cavero-Carbonell C, et al. The changing epidemiology of Ebstein’s anomaly and its relationship with maternal mental health conditions: a European registry-based study. Cardiol Young. 2017;27(4):677–85.
Lupo PJ, Langlois PH, Mitchell LE. Epidemiology of Ebstein anomaly: prevalence and patterns in Texas, 1999-2005. Am J Med Genet A. 2011;155A(5):1007–14.
Ebstein W. Ueber einen sehr seltenen Fall von Insufficienz der valvular tricuspidalis, bedingt durch eine angeborene hochgradige Missbildung derselben. Arch Anat Physiol Wiss Med 1866. p. 238–54.
Schiebler GL, Gravenstein JS, Van Mierop LH. Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve. Translation of original description with comments. Am J Cardiol. 1968;22(6):867–73.
Martinez RM, O’Leary PW, Anderson RH. Anatomy and echocardiography of the normal and abnormal tricuspid valve. Cardiol Young. 2006;16(Suppl 3):4–11.
Attenhofer Jost CH, Connolly HM, Dearani JA, Edwards WD, Danielson GK. Ebstein’s anomaly. Circulation. 2007;115(2):277–85.
Danielson GK, Driscoll DJ, Mair DD, Warnes CA, Oliver WC. Operative treatment of Ebstein’s anomaly. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;104(5):1195–202.
Celermajer DS, Cullen S, Sullivan ID, Spiegelhalter DJ, Wyse RK, Deanfield JE. Outcome in neonates with Ebstein’s anomaly. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19(5):1041–6.
Watson H. Natural history of Ebstein’s anomaly of tricuspid valve in childhood and adolescence. An international co-operative study of 505 cases. Br Heart J. 1974;36(5):417–27.
Khositseth A, Danielson GK, Dearani JA, Munger TM, Porter CJ. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in Ebstein anomaly: management and outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;128(6):826–33.
Attenhofer Jost CH, Connolly HM, O’Leary PW, Warnes CA, Tajik AJ, Seward JB. Left heart lesions in patients with Ebstein anomaly. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80(3):361–8.
Pignatelli RH, Texter KM, Denfield SW, Grenier MA, Altman CA, Ayres NA, et al. LV noncompaction in Ebstein’s anomaly in infants and outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(2):207–9.
Torigoe F, Ishida H, Ishii Y, Ishii R, Narita J, Kawazu Y, et al. Fetal echocardiographic prediction score for perinatal mortality in tricuspid valve dysplasia and Ebstein’s anomaly. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;55(2):226–32.
Roberson DA, Silverman NH. Ebstein’s anomaly: echocardiographic and clinical features in the fetus and neonate. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14(5):1300–7.
Walsh EP. Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve: a natural laboratory for re-entrant tachycardias. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4(10):1271–88.
Fontana ME, Wooley CF. Sail sound in Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve. Circulation. 1972;46(1):155–64.
Ammash NM, Warnes CA, Connolly HM, Danielson GK, Seward JB. Mimics of Ebstein’s anomaly. Am Heart J. 1997;134(3):508–13.
Yalonetsky S, Tobler D, Greutmann M, Crean AM, Wintersperger BJ, Nguyen ET, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and the assessment of Ebstein anomaly in adults. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(5):767–73.
Shivapour JK, Sherwin ED, Alexander ME, Cecchin F, Mah DY, Triedman JK, et al. Utility of preoperative electrophysiologic studies in patients with Ebstein’s anomaly undergoing the cone procedure. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(2):182–6.
Hassan A, Tan NY, Aung H, Connolly HM, Hodge DO, Vargas ER, et al. Outcomes of atrial arrhythmia radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with Ebstein’s anomaly. Europace. 2018;20(3):535–40.
Pappone C, Manguso F, Santinelli R, Vicedomini G, Sala S, Paglino G, et al. Radiofrequency ablation in children with asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(12):1197–205.
Walsh EP, Cecchin F. Arrhythmias in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2007;115(4):534–45.
Sánchez-Quintana D, Cabrera JA, Picazo-Angelin B, Cabrera A, Anderson RH. Histological examination of the potential arrhythmic substrates in the setting of Ebstein’s malformation. J Anat. 2020;237:155–65.
Attenhofer Jost CH, Tan NY, Hassan A, Vargas ER, Hodge DO, Dearani JA, et al. Sudden death in patients with Ebstein anomaly. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(21):1970–a.
Obioha-Ngwu O, Milliez P, Richardson A, Pittaro M, Josephson ME. Ventricular tachycardia in Ebstein’s anomaly. Circulation. 2001;104(18):E92–4.
Knott-Craig CJ, Goldberg SP. Management of neonatal Ebstein’s anomaly. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2007;10:112–6.
Knott-Craig CJ, Goldberg SP, Overholt ED, Colvin EV, Kirklin JK. Repair of neonates and young infants with Ebstein’s anomaly and related disorders. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84(2):587–92 discussion 92-3.
Starnes VA, Pitlick PT, Bernstein D, Griffin ML, Choy M, Shumway NE. Ebstein’s anomaly appearing in the neonate. A new surgical approach. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;101(6):1082–7.
Badiu CC, Schreiber C, Hörer J, Ruzicka DJ, Wottke M, Cleuziou J, et al. Early timing of surgical intervention in patients with Ebstein’s anomaly predicts superior long-term outcome. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;37(1):186–92.
•• Stout KK, Daniels CJ, Aboulhosn JA, Bozkurt B, Broberg CS, Colman JM, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139(14):e637–e97 This guideline document offers a comprehensive overview of the current understanding and management of adult patients with congenital heart disease.
Attenhofer Jost CH, Connolly HM, Scott CG, Burkhart HM, Warnes CA, Dearani JA. Outcome of cardiac surgery in patients 50 years of age or older with Ebstein anomaly: survival and functional improvement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(23):2101–6.
Brown ML, Dearani JA, Danielson GK, Cetta F, Connolly HM, Warnes CA, et al. The outcomes of operations for 539 patients with Ebstein anomaly. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135(5):1120–36 36.e1–7.
Saran N, Dearani JA, Said SM, Greason KL, Pochettino A, Stulak JM, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients undergoing tricuspid valve surgery†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;56(5):950–8.
Raju V, Dearani JA, Burkhart HM, Grogan M, Phillips SD, Ammash N, et al. Right ventricular unloading for heart failure related to Ebstein malformation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98(1):167–73 discussion 73-4.
Zachariah JP, Walsh EP, Triedman JK, Berul CI, Cecchin F, Alexander ME, et al. Multiple accessory pathways in the young: the impact of structural heart disease. Am Heart J. 2013;165(1):87–92.
Danielson GK, Maloney JD, Devloo RA. Surgical repair of Ebstein’s anomaly. Mayo Clin Proc. 1979;54(3):185–92.
Carpentier A, Chauvaud S, Macé L, Relland J, Mihaileanu S, Marino JP, et al. A new reconstructive operation for Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;96(1):92–101.
da Silva JP, Baumgratz JF, da Fonseca L, Franchi SM, Lopes LM, Tavares GM, et al. The cone reconstruction of the tricuspid valve in Ebstein’s anomaly. The operation: early and midterm results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133(1):215–23.
Dearani JA, Mora BN, Nelson TJ, Haile DT, O’Leary PW. Ebstein anomaly review: what’s now, what’s next? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2015;13(10):1101–9.
• Eckerström F, Eriksson P, Dellborg M, Lappas G, Rosengren A, Hjortdal VE, et al. Mortality burden in patients born with Ebstein’s anomaly: a 40-year nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2020. This study reports contemporary outcomes of patients with repaired and unrepaired Ebstein’s anomaly using national medical registries from Sweden.
Brown ML, Dearani JA, Danielson GK, Cetta F, Connolly HM, Warnes CA, et al. Functional status after operation for Ebstein anomaly: the Mayo Clinic experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(6):460–6.
Silva GVRD, Miana LA, Caneo LF, Turquetto ALR, Tanamati C, Penha JG, et al. Early and long-term outcomes of surgical treatment of Ebstein’s anomaly. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;34(5):511–6.
Kanoh M, Inai K, Shinohara T, Shimada E, Shimizu M, Tomimatsu H, et al. Influence of pregnancy on cardiac function and hemodynamics in women with Ebstein’s anomaly. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Zachary L. Steinberg reports he is a consultant for Medtronic, but this work has no relationship to the submitted manuscript.
The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Valvular Heart Disease
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Possner, M., Gensini, F.J., Mauchley, D.C. et al. Ebstein’s Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve: an Overview of Pathology and Management. Curr Cardiol Rep 22, 157 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-020-01412-z
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-020-01412-z