Abstract
Synthetic musk fragrances (SMFs) in aquatic environments have been of increasing concern because of their potential characteristic of persistent, bioaccumulated, and ecological harm. However, little is known about the distribution of SMFs in river-lake systems. In this study, the occurrence and risks of six SMFs measured in sediments from Lake Chaohu (eastern China) and the rivers flowing into it were investigated. The total sedimentary SMF concentrations ranged from 2.43 to 15.5 ng/g in Lake Chaohu (median = 5.17 ng/g), and 2.34–104 ng/g in the rivers (median = 10.6 ng/g). Overall, moderate levels of SMFs were found in comparison with previous results from other areas. Galaxolide and tonalide dominated in the rivers whereas cashmeran was dominant in Lake Chaohu. A source assessment indicated that the discharge from industries contributed importantly to the pollution of SMFs in the studied waters, in addition to the inputs from domestic sewage. Our estimates suggested that the current sedimentary SMF concentrations were likely to pose extremely low ecological risk to aquatic organisms. However, more studies are needed to focus on the spatial and temporal trends in distribution as well as the ecotoxicological implications of SMFs in the Lake Chaohu area because there is a general lack of relevant information.
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Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41877467 and 41571445) and the National Key R&D Program of China (grant no. 2018YFC1900104). The authors thank Kara Bogus, PhD, from Liwen Bianji, Edanz Editing China (www.liwenbianji.cn/ac), for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.
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This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41877467 and 41571445) and the National Key R&D Program of China (grant no. 2018YFC1900104).
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Yang Lyu: analyses, data curation; visualization, writing—original draft. Shan Ren: investigation, validation, writing—original draft. Fuyong Zhong: investigation. Xue Han: investigation. Ying He: data curation, visualization. Zhenwu Tang: conceptualization, methodology, resources, project administration, Funding acquisition, writing—review & editing.
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Lyu, Y., Ren, S., Zhong, F. et al. Synthetic musk fragrances in sediments from a subtropical river-lake system in eastern China: occurrences, profiles, and ecological risks. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 14597–14606 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11486-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11486-5