Abstract
This study analyzed the mediating effect of well-being between generalized self-efficacy and vocational identity development in a sample of 724 final year bachelor’s students studying in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Results from a parallel mediation analysis indicated that generalized self-efficacy was indirectly related to vocational identity development through its relationship with four of the six components of psychological well-being (autonomy, positive relations with others, purpose in life and self-acceptance) as well as the cognitive (life satisfaction) and affective (positive affect and absence of negative affect) components of subjective well-being. The implications of these results for interventions and future research are discussed.
Résumé
L’effet médiateur du bien-être entre le sentiment d’auto-efficacité généralisée et le développement de l’identité professionnelle. Cette étude a analysé l’effet médiateur du bien-être entre le sentiment d’auto-efficacité généralisée et le développement de l’identité professionnelle auprès d’un échantillon de 724 étudiant.e.s en dernière année de Bachelor à Rawalpindi et à Islamabad. Les résultats de l’analyse de médiation en parallèle ont montré que l’auto-efficacité généralisée était indirectement liée au développement de l’identité professionnelle à travers quatre des six composantes du bien-être psychologique (autonomie, relations positives, sens de la vie et acceptation), ainsi qu’aux composantes cognitives (satisfaction de vie) et affectives (affect positif et absence d’affect négatif) du bien-être subjectif. Les implications de ces résultats pour les interventions et les recherches futures sont discutées.
Zusammenfassung
Der Effekt des Wohlbefindens als Mediatorvariable zwischen der generalisierten Selbstwirksamkeit und der beruflichen Identitätsentwicklung. Diese Studie analysierte den Effekt des Wohlbefindens als Mediatorvariable zwischen der generalisierten Selbstwirksamkeit und der beruflichen Identitätsentwicklung in einer Stichprobe von 724 Bachelor-Studenten im letzten Studienjahr in Rawalpindi und Islamabad. Die Ergebnisse einer parallelen Mediationsanalyse zeigten, dass die generalisierte Selbstwirksamkeit indirekt mit der Entwicklung der beruflichen Identität zusammenhängt, indem sie mit vier der sechs Komponenten des psychologischen Wohlbefindens (Autonomie, positive Beziehungen zu anderen, Sinnhaftigkeit im Leben und Selbstakzeptanz) sowie mit den kognitiven (Lebenszufriedenheit) und affektiven (positive Wirkung und Abwesenheit negativer Wirkung) Komponenten des subjektiven Wohlbefindens in Beziehung steht. Die Implikationen dieser Ergebnisse für Interventionen und die zukünftige Forschung werden diskutiert.
Resumen
El efecto mediador del bienestar entre la autoeficacia generalizada y el desarrollo de la identidad vocacional. Este estudio analiza el efecto mediador del bienestar entre la autoeficacia generalizada y el desarrollo de la identidad vocacional en una muestra de 724 estudiantes de último año de licenciatura en Rawalpindi e Islamabad. Los resultados de un análisis paralelo de mediación indican que la autoeficacia generalizada está indirectamente relacionada con el desarrollo de la identidad vocacional a través de su relación con cuatro de los seis componentes del bienestar psicológico (autonomía, relaciones positivas con los demás, propósito en la vida y auto-aceptación), así como con los componentes cognitivos (satisfacción con la vida) y afectivos (afecto positivo y ausencia de afecto negativo) del bienestar subjetivo. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para las intervenciones y las investigaciones futuras.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albuquerque, B. (2016). What is subjective well-being? Understanding and measuring subjective well-being. Retrieved from http://positivepsychology.org.uk/subjective-well-being/Accessed 19 August 2017.
Alliman-Brissett, A. E., Turner, S. E., & Skovholt, T. M. (2004). Parent support and African American adolescents’ career self-efficacy. Professional School Counseling,7, 124–132.
Andrews, L. M. (2014). Career decision status, career-related thinking, and emotional distress: A structural equation model (Doctoral thesis). The University of Southern Mississippi.
Ansari, M., & Khan, S. A. (2015). Self-efficacy as a predictor of life satisfaction among undergraduate students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology,2(2), 5–11.
Azizli, N., Atkinson, B. E., Baughman, H. M., & Giammarco, E. A. (2015). Relationships between general self-efficacy, planning for the future, and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences,82, 58–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.006.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thoughts and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Berk, L. E. (2000). Child development (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1981). The relationship of career-related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology,28, 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.5.399.
Çakar, F. S. (2012). The relationship between the self-efficacy and life satisfaction of young adults. International Education Studies,5(6), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v5n6p123.
Chang, A. K., Park, J., & Sok, S. R. (2013). Relationships among self-efficacy, depression, life satisfaction, and adaptation among older Korean adults residing in for-profit professional nursing facilities. Journal of Nursing Research,21(3), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jnr.0000432047.93802.df.
Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods,4, 62–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810141004.
Creed, P. A., Patton, W., & Bartrum, D. (2002). Multidimensional properties of the LOT-R: Effects of optimism and pessimism on career and well-being related variables in adolescents. Journal of Career Assessment,10, 42–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072702010001003.
Creed, P. A., Prideaux, L.-A., & Patton, W. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of career decisional states in adolescence. Journal of Vocational Behavior,67, 397–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.08.008.
Datu, J. A. (2013). Be happy and believe in your capacity: Establishing link between subjective well-being and self-efficacy among Filipino adolescents. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology,2(3), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsp.2012.206.
De Caroli, M. E., & Sagone, (2014). Generalized self-efficacy and well-being in adolescents with high vs. low scholastic self-efficacy. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences,141, 867–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.152.
Diehl, M., Semegon, A. B., & Schwarzer, R. (2006). Assessing attention control in goal pursuit: A component of dispositional self-regulation. Journal of Personality Assessment,86(3), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8603_06.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment,49, 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2002). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Donlin, A. A. (2014). Vocational identity and well-being among diverse, Upper-Division Health Science undergraduates in the United States (Doctoral thesis). California State University.
Eryilmaz, A. (2011). Investigating adolescents’ subjective well-being with respect to using subjective well-being increasing strategies and determining life goals. Düsünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences,24, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2011240106.
Fernández-Berrocal, P., Cabello, R., Castillo, R., & Extremera, N. (2012). Gender differences in emotional intelligence: Mediating effect of age. Behavioral Psychology,20(1), 77–89.
Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior,65, 14–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.005.
Furnham, A., & Lester, D. (2012). The development of a short measure of character strength. European Journal of Psychological Assessment,28, 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000096.
Gati, I., Krausz, M., & Osipow, S. H. (1996). A taxonomy of difficulties in career decision-making. Journal of Counseling Psychology,43, 510–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.43.4.510.
Gillham, J., Adams-Deutsch, Z., Werner, J. K., Reivich, K., Coulter-Heindl, V., Linkins, M., … Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Character strengths predict subjective well-being during adolescence. Journal of Positive Psychology,6, 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.536773.
Green, Z. A. (2019). Fostering the X-Factor in Pakistan’s university students. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00237-6.
Guay, F., Ratelle, C. F., Senécal, C., Larose, S., & Deschênes, A. (2006). Distinguishing developmental from chronic career indecision: Self-efficacy, autonomy, and social support. Journal of Career Assessment,14, 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072705283975.
Guay, F., Senécal, C., Gauthier, L., & Fernet, C. (2003). Predicting career indecision: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology,50, 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.2.165.
Gupta, A., Chong, S., & Leong, F. T. L. (2015). Development and validation of the vocational identity measure. Journal of Career Assessment,23, 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714523088.
Gushue, G. V., Scanlan, K. R. L., Pantzer, K. M., & Clarke, C. P. (2006). The relationship of career decision-making self-efficacy, vocational identity, and career exploration behavior in African American High School students. Journal of Career Development,33, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845305283004.
Hall, D. T. (1996). Protean careers of the 21st century. The Academy of Management Executive,10, 8–16. https://doi.org/10.5465/AME.1996.3145315.
Haque, S. (2013). University graduates unemployment in Pakistan: Employability strategy for the university graduates. Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies,4(2), 54–71.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Hey, W. T., Calderon, K. S., & Carroll, H. (2006). Use of body-mind-spirit dimensions for the development of a wellness behavior and characteristic inventory for college students. Health Promotion Practice,7, 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839904268525.
Hirschi, A. (2011a). Relation of vocational identity statuses to interest structure among Swiss adolescents. Journal of Career Development,38, 390–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310378665.
Hirschi, A. (2011b). Vocational identity as a mediator of the relationship between core self-evaluations. Applied Psychology: An International Review,60, 622–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00450.x.
Hirschi, A. (2011c). Vocational identity trajectories: Differences in personality and development of well-being. European Journal of Personality,26, 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.812.
Hirschi, A., & Herrmann, A. (2012). Vocational identity achievement as a mediator of presence of calling and life satisfaction. Journal of Career Assessment,20, 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711436158.
Hirschi, A., Herrmann, A., & Keller, A. C. (2015). Career adaptivity, adaptability, and adapting: A conceptual and empirical investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior,87, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.11.008.
Holland, J. (1996). Exploring careers with a typology: What we have learned and some new directions. American Psychologist,51, 397. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.51.4.397.
Holland, J. L., Daiger, D. C., & Power, P. G. (1980). My vocational situation. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Huppert, F. A., & So, T. T. (2013). Flourishing across Europe. Application of a new conceptual framework for defining well-being. Social Indices Research,91, 301–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9966-7.
Ibarra, H., & Barbulescu, R. (2010). Identity as narrative: Prevalence, effectiveness, and consequences of narrative identity work in macro work role transitions. Academy of Management Review,35, 135–154. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2010.45577925.
Inguglia, C., Ingoglia, S., Liga, F., Lo Coco, A., Lo Cricchio, M. G., Musso, P., … Lim, H. J. (2016). Parenting dimensions and internalizing difficulties in Italian and U.S. emerging adults: The intervening role of autonomy and relatedness. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 419–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0228-1.
Jerusalem, M., & Schwarzer, R. (1992). Self-efficacy as a resource factor in stress appraisal processes. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought control of action (pp. 195–213). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Judge, T. A., Erez, A., & Bono, J. E. (1998). The power of being positive: The relation between positive self concept and job performance. Human Performance,11, 167–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.1998.9668030.
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior,19, 151–188.
Karavdici, S., & Baumann, M. (2015). Undergraduate students’ life satisfaction between employability and career capabilities. In C. Pracana (Ed.), In Pact 2015 (pp. 303–305). Lisbon: World Institute for Advanced Research and Science.
Kroger, J. (2007). Identity development (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Leganger, A., Kraft, P., & Røysamb, E. (2000). Perceived self-efficacy in health behavior research: Conceptualisation, measurement and correlates. Psychology and Health,15, 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440008400288.
Lent, R. W. (2005). A social cognitive view of career development and counseling. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 101–127). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2006). On conceptualizing and assessing social cognitive constructs in career research: A measurement guide. Journal of Career Assessment,14, 12–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072705281364.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. In D. Brown (Ed.), Career choice and development (pp. 255–311). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Lightsey, O. R., Burke, M., Ervin, A., Henderson, D., & Yee, C. (2006). Generalized self-efficacy, self-esteem, and negative affect. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement,38, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087272.
Luszczynska, A., Gutiérrez-Doña, B., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). General self-efficacy in various domains of human functioning: Evidence from five countries. International Journal of Psychology,40, 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590444000041.
Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Goossens, L., Soenens, B., & Beyers, W. (2008). Developmental typologies of identity formation and adjustment in female emerging adults: A latest class growth analysis approach. Journal of Research on Adolescence,18, 595–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00573.x.
Magaletta, P., & Oliver, J. (1999). The hope construct, will, and ways: Their relations with self-efficacy, optimism, and general well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology,55, 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199905)55:5%3c539:AID-JCLP2%3e3.0.CO;2-G.
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 158–187). New York: Wiley.
Maree, J. G., & Twigge, A. (2016). Career and self-construction of emerging adults: The value of life designing. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02041.
Milam, L. A., Cohen, G. L., Mueller, C., & Salles, A. (2019). The relationship between self-efficacy and well-being among surgical residents. Journal of Surgical Education,76, 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.07.028.
Natovová, L., & Chýlová, H. (2014). Is there a relationship between self-efficacy, well-being and behavioural markers in managing stress at university students. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science,7, 14–18. https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2013.070302.
Nauta, M. M., & Kahn, J. H. (2007). Identity status, consistency and differentiation of interests, and career decision self-efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment,15, 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072705283786.
Nicotra, T. M. (1998). Psychological mediators related to job search self-efficacy and job search behavior of unemployed middle managers and professionals who have experienced an involuntary job loss. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering,58(10-B), 5683.
Ormrod, J. E. (2006). Educational psychology: Developing learners (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall.
Pajares, F., & Schunk, D. H. (2001). Self-beliefs and school success: Self-efficacy, self-concept, and school achievement. In R. Riding & S. Rayner (Eds.), Self-perception (pp. 239–266). London: Ablex Publishing.
Park, N. (2004). The role of subjective well-being in positive youth development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,591, 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260078.
Patton, W., Creed, P. A., & Muller, J. (2002). Career maturity and well-being as determinants of occupational status of recent school leavers: A brief report of an Australian study. Journal of Adolescent Research,17, 425–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/07458402017004007.
Pavot, W. G., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment,5, 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164.
Penn, L. T., & Lent, R. W. (2018). The joint roles of career decision self-efficacy and personality traits in the prediction of career decidedness and decisional difficulty. Journal of Career Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072718758296.
Pepe, S. J., Farnese, M. L., Avalone, F., & Vecchione, M. (2010). Work self-efficacy scale and search for work self efficacy scale: A validation study in Spanish and Italian cultural contexts. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones,26, 201–210. https://doi.org/10.5093/tr2010v26n3a4.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
Porfeli, E. J., & Lee, B. (2012). Career development during childhood and adolescence. New Directions for Youth Development,2012(134), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.20011.
Restubog, S. L. D., Florentino, A. R., & Garcia, P. R. J. M. (2010). The mediating roles of career self-efficacy and career decidedness in the relationship between contextual support and persistence. Journal of Vocational Behavior,77(2), 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.06.005.
Robitschek, C., Ashton, M. W., Spering, C. C., Geiger, N., Byers, D., Schotts, G. C., & Thoen, M. A. (2012). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Personal Growth Initiative Scale—II. Journal of Counseling Psychology,59, 274–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027310.
Rogers, M. E., Creed, P. A., & Glendon, A. I. (2008). The role of personality in adolescent career planning and exploration: A social cognitive perspective. Journal of Vocational Behaviour,73, 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.02.002.
Rudolph, C. W., Lavigne, K. N., & Zacher, H. (2017). Career adaptability: A meta-analysis of relationships with measures of adaptivity, adapting responses, and adaptation results. Journal of Vocational Behavior,98, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.09.002.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57, 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069.
Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science,4, 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772395.
Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,83, 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69, 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies,9, 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0.
Saka, N., Gati, I., & Kelly, K. R. (2008). Emotional and personality-related aspects of career-decision-making difficulties. Journal of Career Assessment,16, 403–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072708318900.
Salles, A., Milam, L., Mueller, C., & Cohen, G. (2017). Self-efficacy and well-being among surgical residents. Journal of American College of Surgeons,225(4), e44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2017.07.636.
Salzgeber, A. M. (2012). An examination of an optimism training intervention on optimism levels of NCAA Division I athletes: A single subject design (Master’s thesis). Georgia Southern University.
Savickas, M. L. (1993). Career counseling in the postmodern era. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly,7, 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.7.3.205.
Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). The career adapt-abilities scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior,80, 744–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011.
Scherbaum, C. A., Cohen-Charash, Y., & Kern, M. J. (2006). Measuring general selfefficacy: A comparison of three measures using item response theory. Educational and Psychological Measurement,66, 1047–1063. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164406288171.
Schwarzer, R. (Ed.). (1992). Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Schwarzer, R. (1994). Optimism, vulnerability, and self-beliefs as health-related cognitions: A systematic overview. Psychology & Health,9(3), 161–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449408407475.
Schwarzer, R., Bäßler, J., Kwiatek, P., Schröder, K., & Zhang, J. X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the General Self-efficacy Scale. Applied Psychology: An International Review,46, 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01096.x.
Schwarzer, R., Boehmer, S., Luszczynska, A., Mohamed, N. E., & Knoll, N. (2005). Dispositional self-efficacy as a personal resource factor in coping after surgery. Personality and Individual Differences,39, 807–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.12.016.
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35–37). Windsor: NFER-NELSON.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York: Free Press.
Sherer, M., & Maddux, J. E. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports,51, 663–671. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663.
Siddiqui, S. (2015). Impact of self-efficacy on psychological well-being among undergraduate students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology,2(3), 5–16.
Skinner, E. A., Chapman, M., & Baltes, P. B. (1988). Control, means-ends, and agency beliefs: A new conceptualization and its measurement during childhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,54, 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.1.117.
Skorikov, V. B. (2007). Continuity in adolescent career preparation and its effects on adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior,70, 8–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.04.007.
Skorikov, V. B., & Vondracek, F. W. (2007). Vocational identity. In B. Skorikov & W. Patton (Eds.), Career development in childhood and adolescence (pp. 143–168). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Song, Z., & Chon, K. (2012). General self-efficacy’s effect on career choice goals via vocational interests and person-job fit. International Journal of Hospitality Management,31, 798–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.016.
Steinberg, L., Graham, S., O’Brien, L., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., & Banich, M. (2009). Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting. Child Development,80, 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01244.x.
Strauser, D. R., Lustig, D. C., & Ciftçi, A. (2008). Psychological well-being: Its relation to work personality, vocational identity, and career thoughts. The Journal of Psychology,142(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.142.1.21-36.
Strobel, M., Tumasjan, A., & Sporrle, M. (2011). Be yourself, believe in yourself, and be happy: Selfefficacy as a mediator between personality factors and subjective well-being. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,52, 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00826.x.
Stumpf, S. A., Colarelli, S. M., & Hartman, K. (1983). Development of the career exploration survey (CES). Journal of Vocational Behavior,22, 191–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(83)90028-3.
Super, D. E. (1990). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. In D. Brown & L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and development (Vol. 2nd, pp. 197–262). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Super, D. E., Savickas, M. L., & Super, C. M. (1996). The life-span, life-space approach to careers. In D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (3rd ed., pp. 121–178). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Viola, M. M., Musso, P., Inguglia, C., & Coco, A. L. (2016). Psychological well-being and career indecision in emerging adulthood: The moderating role of hardiness. The Career Development Quarterly,64, 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12073.
Viola, M. M., Musso, P., Ingoglia, S., Coco, A. L., & Inguglia, C. (2017). Relationship between career indecision, search for work self-efficacy, and psychological well-being in Italian never-employed adults. Europe’s Journal of Psychology,13, 231–250. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v13i2.1277.
Wang, M., & Stanley, J. (1970). Differential weighting: A review of methods and empirical studies. Review of Educational Research,40, 663–705. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543040005663.
Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,64, 678–691. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,54, 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
Werbel, J. D. (2000). Relationships among career exploration, job search intensity, and job search effectiveness in graduating college students. Journal of Vocational Behavior,57, 379–394. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2000.1746.
World Health Organization. (2001). Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Geneva: Author.
Zhang, R. (2016). Positive affect and self-efficacy as mediators between personality and life satisfaction in Chinese college freshmen. Journal of Happiness Studies,17, 2007–2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9682-0.
Zhou, M., & Xu, Y. (2013). University students’ career choice and emotional well-being. Journal of Educational and Social Research,3, 243–248. https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n7p243.
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to all the study participants and their respective institutions for bringing the study to fruition. Special thanks to Dr. Abdul Basit, Dr. Firoza Ahmed, Wasim Javed Qazi, Dr. Sadia Batool, Sadia Sadiq, Mohammad Nawaz Hashemi, Uzma Noor, Farkhonda Faizi, Farooq Ahmed, Shahzaib Abbasi, and Raheel Sajid for their support during the study. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author states that he has no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
The research protocol was submitted for consideration, comment, guidance and approval to the university’s research ethics committee. All procedures performed in the study are in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Green, Z.A. The mediating effect of well-being between generalized self-efficacy and vocational identity development. Int J Educ Vocat Guidance 20, 215–241 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-019-09401-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-019-09401-7