This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1983). Manual for the child behavior checklist and revised child behavior profile. Burlington: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont.
Aitken, M., Steensma, T. D., Blanchard, R., VanderLaan, D. P., Wood, H., Fuentes, A., … Zucker, K. J. (2015). Evidence for an altered sex ratio in clinic-referred adolescents with gender dysphoria. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12, 756–763.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Barker, V. (2009). Older adolescents’ motivations for social network site use: The influence of gender, group identity, and collective self-esteem. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12, 209–213.
Becker, I., Ravens-Sieberer, U., Ottová-Jordan, V., & Schulte-Markwort, M. (2017). Prevalence of adolescent gender experiences and gender expression in Germany. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61, 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.02.001.
de Graaf, N. M., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Carmichael, P., de Vries, A. L. C., Dhondt, K., Laridaen, J., … Steensma, T. D. (2017). Psychological functioning in adolescents referred to specialist gender identity clinics across Europe: A clinical comparison study between four clinics. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1098-4.
de Vries, A. L., Steensma, T. D., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., VanderLaan, D. P., & Zucker, K. J. (2016). Poor peer relations predict parent-and self-reported behavioral and emotional problems of adolescents with gender dysphoria: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 579–588.
Di Ceglie, D., Freedman, D., McPherson, S., & Richardson, P. (2002). Children and adolescents referred to a specialist Gender Identity Development Service: Clinical features and demographic characteristics. International Journal of Transgenderism, 6(1). Retrieved August 3, 2013, from http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_01.htm.
Harris, A. (2004). Future girl: Young women in the twenty-first century. New York: Routledge.
Holt, V., Skagerberg, E., & Dunsford, M. (2016). Young people with features of gender dysphoria: Demographics and associated difficulties. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 21, 108–118.
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Sumia, M., Työläjärvi, M., & Lindberg, N. (2015). Two years of gender identity service for minors: Overrepresentation of natal girls with severe problems in adolescent development. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0042-y.
Lesko, N. (2012). Act your age! A cultural construction of adolescence. New York: Routledge.
Lessof, C., Ross, A., Brind, R., Bell, E., & Newton, S. (2016). Longitudinal study of young people in England: Cohort 2: Health and wellbeing at Wave 2. London: Department for Education.
Pinto, K. (2007). Growing up young: The relationship between childhood stress and coping with early puberty. Journal of Early Adolescence, 27, 509–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431607302936.
Reisner, S. L., Vetters, R., Leclerc, M., Zaslow, S., Wolfrum, S., Shumer, D., et al. (2015). Mental health of transgender youth in care at an adolescent urban community health center: A matched retrospective cohort study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.264.
Shiffman, M., VanderLaan, D. P., Wood, H., Hughes, S. K., Owen-Anderson, A., Lumley, M. M., … Zucker, K. J. (2016). Behavioral and emotional problems as a function of peer relationships in adolescents with gender dysphoria: A comparison with clinical and nonclinical controls. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3, 27–36.
Steensma, T. D., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Zucker, K. J. (2018). Evidence for a change in the sex ratio of children referred for gender dysphoria: Data from the Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria in Amsterdam (1988–2016) [Letter to the Editor]. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2018.1437580.
Steensma, T. D., Zucker, K. J., Kreukels, B. P., VanderLaan, D. P., Wood, H., Fuentes, A., et al. (2014). Behavioral and emotional problems on the Teacher’s Report Form: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis of gender dysphoric children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 635–647.
Wood, H., Sasaki, S., Bradley, S. J., Singh, D., Fantus, S., Owen-Anderson, A., … Zucker, K. J. (2013). Patterns of referral to a Gender Identity Service for Children and Adolescents (1976–2011): Age, sex ratio, and sexual orientation [Letter to the Editor]. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 39, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2012.675022.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare there is no conflict of interest. There was no sponsor involved in this Letter. The authors disclose that there are no prior publications or submissions with any overlapping information of this kind.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Graaf, N.M., Giovanardi, G., Zitz, C. et al. Sex Ratio in Children and Adolescents Referred to the Gender Identity Development Service in the UK (2009–2016). Arch Sex Behav 47, 1301–1304 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1204-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1204-9