1.

Introduction

Oral ulcers, whether originating from traumatic, immunological, or other pathological processes, are one of the most common complaints involving the oral mucosa and can cause mild to severe pain. These lesions are characterized by damage to both the epithelium and connective tissue (lamina propria), which are usually repaired within weeks if the etiological factor is removed. The aim of treatment is to relieve the symptoms and accelerate the repair process, as patients with oral ulcers, such as recurrent aphthous stomatitis and mucositis, report a reduction in oral health-related quality of life.^1,2

Wound healing is a dynamic and complex process that involves biochemical and physiological phenomena, and is made up of three main overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.^3,4 Different therapeutic protocols, such as analgesics, corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory agents, and phytotherapy, have been tested to accelerate the wound healing process and reduce pain.^5–10

The laser phototherapy (LPT) can be employed to modulate a number of biological processes in a phenomenon known as photobiomodulation.^11,12 The LPT increases cell metabolism and is reported to induce analgesia, anti-inflammatory action, and tissue repair.¹³ Mester¹⁴ and collaborators were one of the first groups that describe enhanced healing and pain relief achieved with LPT. Studies involving this method of therapy report its effects on myofibroblasts, lymphoid cell proliferation,^11,15,16 and collagen synthesis^15,17 as well as its anti-inflammatory properties,^18,19 neo-vascularization potential,^20,21 and the release of growth factors.²² The effects of LPT on the healing process of skin wounds have been studied, particularly using the dorsum skin model to investigate the effect of different irradiation parameters.^{11,20,21,23–27}A growing body of evidence suggests that LPT has anti-inflammatory action and accelerates tissue repair.^18,19,21,22 However, these effects are dependent on irradiation parameters such as wavelength, output power,^28,29 and energy density.^15,28 Moreover, the same parameters can have different effects on different cell types.¹⁶

The impact of LPT on wound healing of the oral mucosa is not completely understood. It is therefore of paramount importance to determine the correct combination of parameters to achieve desirable effects regarding the healing of oral ulcers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different LPT energy densities on clinicopathological aspects of oral ulcers. Herein, the present study showed the acceleration in the healing process, as demonstrated by clinical and histological findings, in function of the laser energy density protocol, with $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ achieving better results.

2.

Methods

3.

Results

3.1.

Clinical Analysis

No differences were found in wound area, and no detectable signs of repair were evident on day 1. A decrease in mean wound area was found in all groups on day 5, with the smallest area in the $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser group, followed by the 20 and $0\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser groups [Fig. 1(a)]. On day 10, all animals in the $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser group exhibited repaired lesions, whereas this clinical situation was only observed at the end of the experiment (day 14) in the other groups. No statistically significant differences were found among groups on days 10 and 14 [Figs. 1(b) and 1(c)].

Fig. 1

(a) Clinical aspect of oral ulcers in different groups on day 5, smaller ulcer area in $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ group; (b and c) Clinical evaluation of mean and standard error of area (in ${\mathrm{mm}}^2$); and (d) Clinical evaluation of percentage of wound healing (%).

Figure 1(d) displays the percentages of wound healing. No significant differences among groups were found on day 1. The $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser group exhibited a significant increase in the percentage of healing on day 5. On days 10 and 14, most of the wounds were healed and no significant differences were found among the groups at these evaluation times.

3.2.

Histopathological Analysis

3.2.1.

Descriptive analysis

Exposure of connective tissue was observed on day 1. Discrete or no migration of epithelial cells in the center of the wound was found in all groups. Intense diffuse acute inflammation (polymorphonuclear infiltrate) and red blood cells were noticed in the wound area.

On day 5, reepithelialization covering more than half of the wound was found in the $0\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ group. Some focal points of acute inflammation were still present in most of the animals, but the number of mononuclear cells was higher than that on day 1. Notably, all animals in the $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser group exhibited full reepithelialization at this time. Granulation tissue was evident, and no focal points of acute inflammation were found. Mononuclear infiltrate, neovascularization, and fibroblast proliferation were evident. Collagen fibers were predominantly organized and paralleled to the basal layer of the epithelium. The $20\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser group exhibited reepithelialization covering more than half of the wound in some animals and covering the entire wound with irregular thickness in other animals. Inflammatory infiltrate revealed the formation of granulation tissue in most of the wound beds, and focal points of acute inflammation still occurred in some cases.

On day 10, all groups exhibited reepithelialization covering the entire wound. The control group ($0\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$) exhibited epithelium with irregular thickness, whereas the 4 and $20\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser groups exhibited new epithelium with normal thickness. The formation of granulation tissue was evident in all groups, and rare polymorphonuclear cells were observed.

On day 14, resolution and healing of the wound were observed. Reepithelialization covering the entire wound with normal thickness was observed in all groups as well as a reduction in or the disappearance of chronic inflammation.

3.2.2.

Degree of reepithelialization

The Kappa coefficient for inter-examiner agreement regarding the degree of reepithelialization was 0.91, indicating a high level of agreement. On day 5, the $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ group exhibited a significantly greater degree of reepithelialization, whereas the 0 and $20\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser groups exhibited similar degrees of connective tissue exposure. On day 10, the $20\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser group exhibited a significantly greater degree of reepithelialization [Figs. 2(a)–2(c)].

Fig. 2

(a) Photomicrographs of experimental groups on day 5, reepithelialization covering entire wound and more chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ group [hematoxylin-eosin; magnification: $\times 100$ (a, c, and e) and $\times 200$ (b, d, and f)]; (b and c) Histopathological evaluation of degree of reepitelialization (mean and standard error); and (d) Histopathological evaluation of degree of inflammation (mean and standard error).

3.2.3.

Degree of inflammation

The Kappa coefficient for inter-examiner agreement regarding the degree of inflammation was 0.96, indicating a high level of agreement. Although variations were found in the pattern of inflammatory infiltrate, no statistically significant differences were found among the groups [Fig. 2(d)].

3.2.4.

Organization and distribution of collagen fibers

On day 1, Picrosirius red staining revealed no red or green birefringence, indicating the absence of collagen. The wounds were filled with blood clots. On day 5, all groups displayed thin collagen fibers (characterized by green birefringence), which were poorly organized. In the groups treated with laser, some denser collagen fibers, which appeared reddish in color, were noted in the wound. These fibers were parallel to the epithelium and demonstrated a more organized pattern in comparison to the control group. On day 10, collagen fibers had begun to rearrange into bundles among the new muscle fibers in all three groups. On day 14, all groups exhibited organized collagen bundles mainly with red birefringence around the perimysium. The groups treated with laser exhibited an organization pattern similar to normal tongue mucosa, with a predominance of reddish fibers organized parallel to the epithelium in the adjacent lamina propria and bundled in the submucosa area around the muscle fibers (Fig. 3)

Fig. 3

Photomicrographs of Picrosirius red staining in experimental groups on days 5, 10, and 14 and in normal mucosa (original magnification $\times 100$). On day 5, all groups displayed poorly organized thin collagen fibers (characterized by green birefringence) (a, b, and c). On day 10, no difference was observed between all groups. Collagen fibers were begun to rearrange into bundles among the new muscle fibers (d, e, and f). On day 14, the groups treated with laser (h and i) exhibited an organization pattern similar to the normal oral mucosa (j) with a predominance of reddish fibers organized parallel to the epithelium. Control group revealed a more immature collagen (g).

4.

Discussion

The effects of LPT on the healing process of skin wounds have been studied with different irradiation parameters.^{11,20,21,24–29} A growing body of evidence suggests that LPT has anti-inflammatory action and accelerates tissue repair.^18,19,21,22 However, these effects are dependent on wavelength, output power,^28,35 and energy density.^15,28 Moreover, the same parameters can have different effects on different cell types, and few studies have been conducted to analyze the influence of LPT on the wound-healing process involving the oral mucosa.³⁶ It is therefore of paramount importance to determine the correct combination of parameters to achieve desirable effects on oral ulcers.

In the present investigation, two different energy densities were tested (4 and $20\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$) with the same wavelength, spot size, power output, irradiation frequency, and interval between irradiations. Moreover, both methods were performed in contact with the ulcer and using the punctual irradiation mode. The choice of testing two very different energy densities was based on the previous studies, where better results regarding wound healing with smaller energy densities were observed in comparison to larger energy densities.^{15,20,24,27,37,38} Indeed, such findings followed the Arndt–Schultz law, which states that mild stimulus excites physiological activity, whereas strong stimulus can inhibit such activity.³⁹ Therefore, $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ was used as the low-energy density, and $20\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ was used as the high-energy density in the present study. The $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ dose has been widely used in clinical practice and studied in clinical trials.^40,41 However, few clinical studies have been conducted analyzing higher doses of LPT.^42,43 Other important aspects regarding the laser parameter are the energy per point that seems to be relevant because it considers the output power and the time of tissue exposure to laser, improving the study reproducibility. In our study, the $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser group with 0.16 J of energy per point showed better results in oral wound healing than the $20\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser group with 0.8 J of the total energy.

The in vivo results demonstrated that LPT at the same power density induced the acceleration of the healing process as a function of energy density. Irradiation with 660 nm, 40 mW, and $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ accelerated the healing of oral ulcers in comparison to 0 and $20\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$. On day 5, the $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser group exhibited positive clinical behavior with a greater decrease in the mean area of the oral ulcers and higher percentages of healing in comparison to the control and higher energy density laser groups. Moreover, the histopathological analysis revealed a more advanced stage of repair in the $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser group on day 5. This finding is supported by the degree of reepithelialization, with the epithelium covering the entire wound in all animals, and by the histopathological aspect of the connective tissue. Chronicity of the inflammatory infiltrate was also noticed in this group on day 5, whereas the 0 and $20\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ laser groups still exhibited focal areas of acute inflammation. These histopathological aspects may be associated with the clinical finding of a reduction in ulcer area and greater percentage of healing on day 5, demonstrating that the irradiation with $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ led to the faster and more organized healing pattern. Similar results have been obtained for excisional wound healing in mice, in which a biphasic relationship has been found with positive effects at $2\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ and an inhibitory effect at $50\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$.⁴⁴ However, studies have predominately attributed the inhibitory effect to higher power levels rather than energy density per se.⁴⁵

It is difficult to compare the present findings with observations of wound healing in the literature, as most studies were performed using different tissue models, such as skin, which has a different repair process than the oral mucosa healing. Furthermore, many studies only report the power and wavelength of the laser irradiation, while energy density is not mentioned and cannot be calculated due to the absence of other important parameters such as spot size and irradiation time. Nonetheless, an increase in energy density has been shown to impair wound healing in vivo.^20,44

The LPT with $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ for skin wound repair has demonstrated a decrease in polymorphonuclear infiltrate and neovascularization^21,24 as well as greater deposition of collagen^24,26,27 and elastic fibers.²⁷ The irradiation with $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ can promote a greater number of newly formed epithelial layers,²⁷ and the irradiation with 3 and $5\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ is capable of increasing the growth rate of cultured epithelial cells.⁴⁶ Moreover, mononuclear infiltrate, neovascularization, and fibroblast proliferation were evident in 5 days when the tissue was irradiated with the $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$. This was expected since other authors have shown increased production of growth factors, such as bFGF, as a result of red laser irradiation with small energy densities.^47,48 Additionally, the irradiation with $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ for wound healing induces the formation of more fusiform cells expressing desmin and alpha-smooth muscle actin,²⁴ decreases the levels of $\mathrm{IL}\text{-}1\beta$ mRNA,²⁵ increases populations of intact and degranulated mast cells,²¹ type I collagen, and fibronectin deposition,²⁶ and enhances synthesis activity.²⁹

Low-intensity laser irradiation is absorbed by cellular photosensitizers, such as cytochromes and flavins, which promote a cascade event that results in ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$ flux, affecting the levels of cyclic nucleotides, interfering with DNA and RNA syntheses, and modulating cell proliferation.⁴⁹ A further increase in dose inducts cellular antioxidant activity and can cause the destruction of photoreceptors, which is accompanied by growth inhibition and cell lethality, as expected from the Arndt–Schultz law.^39,49

Overall, LPT has been found to accelerate wound healing as well as to reduce pain and the inflammatory response. In the present study, LPT with the energy density of $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ and the other parameters applied caused important oral mucosa wound-healing effects, accelerating two of the most substantial healing phases: inflammation and proliferation. This protocol decreases acute inflammation and induces reepithealization, fibroplasia, and granulation tissue formation. However, the correlation between the results obtained with this animal model and clinical outcomes remains to be established. Therefore, care should be taken before extrapolating these results to clinical practice without additional testing.

5.

Conclusion

Based on the conditions employed in the present study, LPT using red laser (660 nm) and an output power of 40 mW is capable of accelerating the oral mucosa wound-healing process. Moreover, faster and more organized reepithelialization and tissue healing of the oral mucosa were achieved with an energy density of $4\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$ in comparison to $20\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$.