Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Sustaining Rice-Wheat System Through Integrated Nutrient Management via FYM or Sesbania Aculeata in India on Long Term Basis

  • Research
  • Published:
International Journal of Plant Production Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Integrated nutrient management (INM) remains a strategic area for improving crop productivity and soil fertility while reducing the burden on the environment. In India, the majority of farmers are small and marginal, with land holdings of less than 2 hectares, accounting for 85% of the farming population. The country also has a significant livestock population of 537 million, with 96% located in rural areas. Currently, the availability of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking provides an opportunity for farmers to utilize animal dung in their fields, thereby enhancing crop and soil productivity to a great extent. Conducting long-term studies on such alternative fertilization methods in the rice-wheat cropping system within the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) region of India is crucial, as these crops are facing serious challenges in terms of yield. Therefore, this study was undertaken to examine the long-term (8 years) effects of individual and combined applications of major nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O), along with 15 t farm yard manure (FYM) ha− 1 or green manuring using Sesbania aculeata, on the productivity of rice-wheat crops, soil health, and economic sustainability. The experiment was conducted in a rice-wheat system with seven treatment combinations, namely: (1) Conventional Inorganic Fertilization (CIF: 150 kg N ha− 1, 60 kg P2O5 ha− 1, 40 kg ha− 1 K2O); (2) CIF + FYM 15 t ha− 1; (3) CIF + green manuring with Sesbania aculeata; (4) only 150 kg ha− 1 N; (5) only 60 kg P2O5 ha− 1; (6) only 40 kg K2O ha− 1 and (7) control (no fertilizer). The experiment followed a randomized block design with three replications. The inclusion of 15 t FYM ha− 1 in CIF resulted in a significant increase in rice grain yield (18.1%), attributed to notable enhancements in biomass, panicles m− 2, and number of grains m− 2. Similarly, the application of CIF along with FYM also led to a significant improvement in wheat yield (13.2%) compared to CIF alone. The CIF + FYM application demonstrated superior yield improvements and soil health benefits compared to CIF combined with Sesbania aculeata. However, the sole application of P and K fertilizers did not enhance the yield of either crop, showing no significant effect without the addition of N. Over the course of the 8-years study, the CIF + FYM application resulted in substantial increases in various soil parameters in the 0–15 cm soil depth. Specifically, compared to CIF alone, the CIF + FYM application increased EC, OC, OM, available N, available P2O5, and available K2O by 78.2, 137.2, 138.6, 28.0, 287.8 and 64.8%, respectively. It should be noted that the sole application of P and K fertilizers led to an accumulation of these nutrients in the soil, primarily in the topsoil layers, but these nutrients were not effectively utilized by the crops until N was added. In terms of economics, the CIF + FYM approach demonstrated favorable results. The cost of cultivation, gross return, and net return in CIF + FYM were 13.7, 12.8 and 11.9% higher, respectively, compared to CIF alone. The application of CIF + FYM at a rate of 15 t ha− 1 is a superior option compared to CIF alone or CIF combined with Sesbania aculeata for enhancing the productivity, profitability, and soil fertility of the rice-wheat cropping system in the long run.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

(Source: FAOSTAT, 2022)

Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

All the data will be available on request to corresponding author.

References

  • Aulakh, M. S., & Malhi, S. S. (2005). Interactions of nitrogen with other nutrients and water: Effect on crop yield and quality, nutrient use efficiency, carbon sequestration, and environmental pollution. Advances in Agronomy, 86, 341–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(05)86007-9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. A., & Fischer, R. A. (1994). Guide to plant and crop sampling: Measurements and observations for agronomic and physiological research in small grain cereals. CIMMYT.

  • Benbi, D. K., Singh, P., Toor, A. S., & Verma, G. (2016). Manure and fertilizer application effects on aggregate and mineral-associated organic carbon in a loamy soil under rice-wheat system. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 47(15), 1828–1844. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1208757.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black, C. A., Evans, D. D., White, J. L., Ensminger, L. E., & Clark, F. (1965). Methods of soil analysis, part 2, Chemical and microbiological properties. Journal of Biodiversity Management & Forestry. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, D., Dwivedi, B., Singh, V., Datta, S., Meena, M., Chakraborty, D., Bandyopadhyay, K., Kumar, R., & Mishra, R. P. (2017). Long-term effects of fertilisers and organic sources on soil organic carbon fractions under a rice-wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of north-west India. Soil Research, 55(3), 296–308. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR16097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhawan, G., Dheri, G. S., & Gill, A. A. S. (2021). Nitrogen budgeting of rice-wheat cropping system under long-term nutrient management in an inceptisol of north India. European Journal of Agronomy, 130, 126376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2021.126376.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi, B., Singh, V., Meena, M., Dey, A., & Datta, S. (2016). Integrated nutrient management for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency. Indian Journal of Fertilizers, 12(4), 62–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franzluebbers, A. J., Stuedemann, J. A., Schomberg, H. H., & Wilkinson, S. R. (2000). Soil organic C and N pools under long-term pasture management in the Southern Piedmont USA. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32(4), 469–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00176-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gogoi, B., Borah, N., Baishya, A., Nath, D. J., Dutta, S., Das, R., Bhattacharyya, D., Sharma, K. K., Valente, D., & Petrosillo, I. (2021). Enhancing soil ecosystem services through sustainable integrated nutrient management in double rice-cropping system of North-East India. Ecological Indicators, 132, 108262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, C., We, G., Luo, Z., Xu, J., Zhao, S., Wang, L., & Jie, Y. (2014). Effects of nitrogen on ramie (Boehmeria nivea) hybrid and its parents grown under field conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science, 6(12), 230. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v6n12p230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M. M., Urmi, T. A., Rana, M. S., Alam, M. S., & Haque, M. M. (2019). Green manuring effects on crop morpho-physiological characters, rice yield and soil properties. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants: An International Journal of Functional Plant Biology, 25(1), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-018-0624-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. L. (1958). Soil chemical analysis prentice Hall. Inc Englewood Cliffs NJ, 498, 183–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kukal, S. S., Rehana-Rasool, & Benbi, D. K. (2009). Soil organic carbon sequestration in relation to organic and inorganic fertilization in rice–wheat and maize–wheat systems. Soil and Tillage Research, 102(1), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.07.017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., Zhang, R., Xia, S., Wang, L., Liu, C., Zhang, R., Fan, Z., Chen, F., & Liu, Y. (2019). Interactions between N, P and K fertilizers affect the environment and the yield and quality of satsumas. Global Ecology and Conservation, 19, e00663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, S., Yu, X., & Zong, Y. (2019). Nano-microscale porosity and pore size distribution in aggregates of paddy soil as affected by long-term mineral and organic fertilization under rice-wheat cropping system. Soil and Tillage Research, 186, 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.10.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malhi, G., Kaur, M., Singh, A., Singh, V., Saini, S., & Jatav, H. (2022). Agronomic and economic assessment of site-specific nutrient management in crop production. Ecosystem services: Types, management and benefits. Nova Science Publishers.

  • Mazumdar, S. P., Bhattacharya, R., Saha, A. R., Majumdar, B., Kundu, D. K., Behera, M. S., Ghorai, A. K., Barman, D., Saha, R., Padhy, S. R., Kar, G., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2023). Trade-off between soil aggregate stability and carbon decomposition under 44 years long-term integrated nutrient management in rice-wheat-jute system. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 69(3), 417–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2021.2002304.

  • Meena, V. S., Maurya, B. R., Verma, J. P., Aeron, A., Kumar, A., Kim, K., & Bajpai, V. K. (2015). Potassium solubilizing rhizobacteria (KSR): Isolation, identification, and K-release dynamics from waste mica. Ecological Engineering, 81, 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meena, B. P., Biswas, A. K., Singh, M., Chaudhary, R. S., Singh, A. B., Das, H., & Patra, A. K. (2019). Long-term sustaining crop productivity and soil health in maize–chickpea system through integrated nutrient management practices in vertisols of central India. Field Crops Research, 232, 62–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.12.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merwin, H. D., & Peech, M. (1951). Exchangeability of soil potassium in the sand, silt, and clay fractions as influenced by the nature of the complementary exchangeable cation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 15(C), 125–128. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1951.036159950015000C0026x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, B. N., Prasad, R., Gangaiah, B., & Shivakumar, B. G. (2006). Organic manures for increased productivity and sustained supply of micronutrients Zn and Cu in a rice-wheat cropping system. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 28(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v28n01_06.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty, S., Nayak, A. K., Swain, C. K., Dhal, B. R., Kumar, A., Kumar, U., Tripathi, R., Shahid, M., & Behera, K. K. (2020). Impact of integrated nutrient management options on GHG emission, N loss and N use efficiency of low land rice. Soil and Tillage Research, 200, 104616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, A. K., Tripathi, S., Mukherjee, S., Mallick, R. B., & Banerjee, A. (2019). Effect of integrated nutrient management in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) on alluvial soil. Current Science, 117(8), 1364–1368. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27138455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyamangara, J., Bergström, L. F., Piha, M. I., & Giller, K. E. (2003). Fertilizer use efficiency and nitrate leaching in a tropical sandy soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32(2), 599–606. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.5990.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, S. R. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. US Department of Agriculture.

  • Pahalvi, H., Rafiya, L., Nisar, B., & Kamili, A. (2021). Chemical fertilizers and their impact on soil health. Microbiota and Biofertilizers Vol 2: Ecofriendly Tools for Reclamation of Degraded Soil Environs, 2, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61010-4_1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palm, O., Weerakoon, W. L., de Silva, M. A. P., & Rosswall, T. (1988). Nitrogen mineralization of Sesbania sesban used as green manure for lowland rice in Sri Lanka. Plant and Soil, 108(2), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02375650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patra, A., Sharma, V. K., Purakayastha, T., Barman, M., Kumar, S., Chobhe, K., Chakraborty, D., Nath, D., & Anil, S., A (2020). Effect of long-term integrated nutrient management (INM) practices on soil nutrients availability and enzymatic activity under acidic inceptisol of north-eastern region of India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 51, 1137–1149. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2020.1751185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, X., Maharjan, B., Yu, C., Su, A., Jin, V., & Ferguson, R. B. (2015). A laboratory evaluation of ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching following nitrogen fertilizer application on a coarse-textured soil. Agronomy Journal, 107(3), 871–879. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0537.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randhawa, M. K., Dhaliwal, S. S., Sharma, V., Toor, A. S., Sharma, S., & Kaur, M. (2021). Impact of integrated nutrient management on transformations of micronutrients and uptake by wheat crop in north-western India. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 21(4), 2932–2945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00579-w.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rani, S., Sharma, M., Kumar, N., & Neelam (2019). Impact of salinity and zinc application on growth, physiological and yield traits in wheat. Current Science, 116, 1324–1330. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v116/i8/1324-1330.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, L. A., & Fireman, M. (1943). Pressure-plate apparatus for measuring moisture sorption and transmission by soils. Soil Science, 56(6), 395–404. https://journals.lww.com/soilsci/Citation/1943/12000/Pressure_Plate_Apparatus_for_Measuring_Moisture.1.aspx.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saha, S., Saha, B., Ray, M., Mukhopadhyay, S., Halder, P., Das, A., Chatterjee, S., & Pramanick, M. (2018). Integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield trends and sustainability, nutrient balance and soil fertility in a long-term (30 years) rice-wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41(18), 2365–2375. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1510509.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla, A. K., Behera, S. K., Chaudhari, S. K., & Singh, G. (2022). Fertilizer use in indian agriculture and its impact on human health and environment. Indian Journal of Fertilisers, 18, 218–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R. P. (1990). Towards sustainable dryland agricultural practices.

  • Singh, P., & Benbi, D. K. (2018). Nutrient management effects on organic carbon pools in a sandy loam soil under rice-wheat cropping. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 64(13), 1879–1891. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2018.1465564.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, P., & Saini, S. P. (2022). Micronutrients availability in soil–plant system as influenced by long-term integrated nutrient management under rice–wheat cropping. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 45(3), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1943680.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, G., Jalota, S. K., & Singh, Y. (2007). Manuring and residue management effects on physical properties of a soil under the rice–wheat system in Punjab, India. Soil and Tillage Research, 94(1), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.07.020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, J. P., Kaur, J., Mehta, D. S., & Narwal, R. P. (2012). Long-term effects of nutrient management on soil health and crop productivity under rice-wheat cropping system. Indian Journal of Fertilisers, 8(8), 28–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, V. K., Dwivedi, B. S., Shukla, A. K., Kumar, V., Gangwar, B., Rani, M., Singh, S. K., & Mishra, R. P. (2015). Status of available sulfur in soils of north-western Indo-gangetic plain and western himalayan region and responses of rice and wheat to applied sulfur in farmer’s fields. Agricultural Research, 4(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-015-0149-7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ullah, S., Anwar, S., Rehman, M., Khan, S., Zafar, S., Liu, L., & Peng, D. (2017). Interactive effect of gibberellic acid and NPK fertilizer combinations on ramie yield and bast fibre quality. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 10647. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09584-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walia, M. K., Walia, S. S., & Dhaliwal, S. S. (2010). Long-term effect of integrated nutrient management of properties of typic ustochrept after 23 cycles of an irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) – wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 34(7), 724–743. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2010.507519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhang, S., & Wang, Y. (2018). What could promote farmers to replace chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers? Journal of Cleaner Production, 199, 882–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yaduvanshi, N. P. S. (2003). Substitution of inorganic fertilizers by organic manures and the effect on soil fertility in a rice–wheat rotation on reclaimed sodic soil in India. Journal of Agricultural Science, 140(2), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859603002934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zadoks, J. C., Chang, T. T., & Konzak, C. F. (1974). A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research, 14(6), 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The research work was funded by Indian Council of Agricultural Research at Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal − 132001, Haryana, India.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, P.B. No. 158, Agarsain Marg, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India

    Subhash Chander, S C. Tripathi, R. P. Meena, Neeraj Kumar, R. S. Chhokar, Nitesh Kumar, Shiv Ram Samota, Deepa Sharma & Gyanendra Singh

  2. ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, India

    Karnam Venkatesh

Authors
  1. Subhash Chander
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S C. Tripathi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Karnam Venkatesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. P. Meena
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Neeraj Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. R. S. Chhokar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Nitesh Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Shiv Ram Samota
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Deepa Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Gyanendra Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S C. Tripathi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Ethics Approval

All authors approve ethical responsibilities related with this manuscript.

Consent to Participate

All authors give their consent to participate.

Consent for Publication

All authors give their consent for publication in International Journal of Plant Production.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chander, S., Tripathi, S.C., Venkatesh, K. et al. Sustaining Rice-Wheat System Through Integrated Nutrient Management via FYM or Sesbania Aculeata in India on Long Term Basis. Int. J. Plant Prod. 17, 775–793 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-023-00269-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-023-00269-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation