Abstract
Sediments absorb and accumulate toxic elements, which might be re-activated and easily released into the water body, which could be a serious ecological risk to the aquatic ecosystem. It is a vital environmental medium widely used for characterizing anthropogenic contaminants. This study assessed the extent of pollution and the ecological threat posed by potentially toxic elements in the bottom sediment of a stream in Oke-Ere, Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. A total of 72 samples were collected and analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), after acid digestion. The data obtained were subjected to simple descriptive and inferential statistics. Sediment pollution levels and ecological risk were evaluated based on models of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), pollution load index (PLI), contamination factor (Cf), and potential ecological risk (Eir). Based on SQGs, average levels of Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cu exceeded the threshold effect concentrations (TEC), but no collective toxicity from the studied elements as the value of mPEC-Q was < 0.5. The pollution indices studies (Igeo, EF, PLI, and Cf) revealed that the bottom sediment samples were low to moderate contaminated with the investigated elements and ecological risk revealed that the bottom sediment samples were within the low to moderate class, and Mo contributed 56% of the total potential ecological risk. However, appropriate measures should be taken to avoid serious ecological risks to the study area.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdullah MAM (2023) Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in surface sediments from the continental shelf adjacent of Abu Qir Bay Egypt as a function of grain size. Geo Mar Let 43:2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-022-00743-w
Abdullah MZ, Abd Manap NR, Saat A, Hamzah Z, Abas MT (2015) Evaluation of trace element contamination levels of Balok river sediments in Pahang, Malaysia based on geo-accumulation index and supported with enrichment factor. Malays J Anal Sci 19:707–714
Abiodun MO, Olumuyiwa A (2015) Element contamination assessment in the urban stream sediments and tributaries of coastal area southwest Nigeria. Chin J Geochem 34(3):431–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-014-0027-1
Adepoju MO, Adekoya JA (2014) Heavy metal distribution and assessment in stream sediments of River Orle, Southwestern Nigeria. Arab J Geosci 7:743–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-0845-1
Astatkie H, Ambelu A, Mengistie E (2021) Contamination of stream sediment with heavy metals in the awetu watershed of Southwestern Ethiopia. Front Earth Sci 9:658737. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.658737
Caeiro S, Costa MH, Ramos TB (2005) Assessing trace element contamination in Sado Estuary sediment: an index analysis approach. Ecolo Ind 5:151–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.02.001
Coskun A, Horasan BY, Ozturk A (2021) Heavy metal distribution in stream sediments and potential ecological risk assessment in Konya Northeast region. Environ Earth Sci 80:181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09495-9
El-Badry AA, Khalifa MM (2017) Geochemical assessment of pollution at Manzala Lake, Egypt: special mention to environmental and health effects of arsenic, selenium, tin, and antimony. J App Sci 17:72–80. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2017.72.80
El-Kady AA, Wade TL, Sweet ST, Klein AG (2019) Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of trace elements in surface sediments of Lake Qaroun. Egypt Environ Mon Assess 191:413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7548-3
Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for Aquatic pollution control. A Sedimentological Approach Water Res 14:975–1101. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
Huang L, Xinming P, Pan JF, Wang B (2013) Trace element pollution status in surface sediments of Swan Lake lagoon and Rongcheng Bay in the northern Yellow Sea. Chemosphere 93:1957–1964
Huang C, Liu X, Zhao JD, Zheng B (2020) Risk assessment of trace elements in the surface sediment at the drinking watersource of the Xiangjiang River in South China. Environ Sci Eur 32:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00305-w
Hyeryeong J, Jin YC, Kongtae R (2021) Heavy metal pollution assessment in stream sediments from urban and different types of industrial areas in South Korea. Soil Sed Cont an Int J. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2021.1893646
Islam SM, Ahmed KM, Al-Mamun HM (2016) Trace elements in sediment and their accumulation in mostly consumed fish species in Bangladesh. Arch Environ Occu Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2016.1152946
Ji Z, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Huang C, Pei Y (2019) Fraction spatial distributions and ecological risk assessment of heavymetals in the sediments of Baiyangdian Lake. Ecoto Environ Safety 174:417–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.062
Li XD, Wai OWH, Li YS, Coles BJ, Ramsey MH, Thornton I (2000) Heavy metal distribution in sedi- ment profiles of the Pearl River estuary, South China. App Geochem 15:567–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00072-4
Liu X, Dadzie AA, Yuan L et al (2022) Analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the freshwater ecosystem in Zhenjiang City. China SN Appl Sci 4:258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-022-05127-4
Lower Niger River Basin Authority (2012) Parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Water Resources. http://www.lnrbda.gov.ng/about.php#mandate
Long ER, Field LJ, MacDonald DD (1998) Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines. Environ Tox Chem 17:714–727. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170428
MacDonald DD, Carr RS, Calder FD, Long ER, Ingersoll CG (1996) Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters. Ecoto 5:253–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118995
MacDonald DD, Ingersoll CG, Berger TA (2000) Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. Arch Environ Cont Toxico 39:20–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010075
Magar VS, Chadwick DB, Bridges TS, Conder JM, Dekker TJ, Steevens JA, Gustavson KE, Mills MA (2009) Monitored Natural Recovery at Contaminated Sediment Sites, in Environmental Security Technology Certification Program. https://cluin.org/download/contaminantfocus/sediments/ER-0622-MNR-FR.pdf
Mamat Z, Haximu S, Zhang ZY, Aji R (2016) An ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments of Bosten Lake, Northwest China. Environ Sci Poll Res 23:7255–7265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-6020-3
Muller G (1969) Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine river. Geo J 2:108–118
Nascimento JR, Sabadini-Santos E, Carvalho C, Keunecke KA, Cesar R, Bidone ED (2017) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti): a dose–response approach for coastal resources management. Mar Pollut Bull 114(2):1007–1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.013
Nethaji S, Kalaivanan R, Viswam A, Jayaprakash M (2016) Geochemical assessment of trace elements pollution in surface sediments of Vellar and Coleroon estuaries, southeast coast of India. Marine Poll Bull. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.045
Nguyen TH, Hoang HNT, Bien NQ, Tuyen LH, Kim KW (2020) Contamination of trace elements in paddy soil in the vicinity of Nui Phao multi-element mine, North Vietnam. Environ Geochem Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00611-5
Nkinda MS, Rwiza MJ, Ijumba JN, Njau KN (2021) Heavy metals risk assessment of water and sediments collected from selected river tributaries of the Mara River in Tanzania. Discov Water 1:3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-021-00003-5
Nwazue EU, Omietimi EJ, Mienye E, Imarhiagbe OJ, Adeosun OA, Nnabo PN (2022) Heavy metal dispersion in stream Sediments in River Iyiudene, Abakaliki South Eastern Nigeria: source, distribution pattern, and contamination assessment. J Geosci Environ Prtec 10:48–69. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2022.107004
Oluwasola HO, Oluoye O, Sulaiman MB, Odewole O, Abugu HO, Akpomie KG, David MK, Fagorite VI, Maigari AU (2021) Geochemical and health risk assessment of trace elements concentration in soils around Oke-Ere mining area in Kogi State, Nigeria. Int J Environ Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1862817
Pitiya R, Jacob L, Emilinot RJ (2022) A pilot study on the concentration of heavy metals in sediments from the lower Orange River, Karas Region, Namibia. J Mat Sci Chem Eng 10:1–14. https://doi.org/10.4236/msce.2022.103001
Pobi KK, Satpati S, Dutta S, Nayek S, Saha RN, Gupta S (2019) Sources evaluation and ecological risk assessment of trace elements accumulated within a natural stream of Durgapur industrial zone, India, by using multivariate analysis and pollution indices. App Wat Sci 9:58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0946-4
Prakash MM, Dagaonkar A (2011) Application of cluster analysis to physico-chemical parameters of Munj Sagar Talab, Dhar (Madhya Pradesh, India). Rec Res Sci Techno 3:41–50
Proshad R, Ahmed S, Rahman M, Kumar T (2017) Apportionment of hazardous elements in agricultural soils around the vicinity of Brick Kilnin Bangladesh. J Environ Anal Toxico 7:1–6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000439
Proshad R, Kormoker T, Islam S (2019) Distribution, source identification, ecological and health risks of trace elements in surface sediments of the Rupsa River Bangladesh. Toxin Rev. https://doi.org/10.1080/155695432018
Redwan M, Elhaddad E (2022) Heavy metal pollution in Manzala Lake sediments, Egypt: sources, variability, and assessment. Environ Monit Assess 194:436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10081-0
Rostami S, Kamani H, Shahsavani S, Hoseini M (2020) Environmental monitoring and ecological risk assessment of trace elements in farmland soils. Hum Ecol Risk Asses. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2020.1719030
Sababa E, EkoaBessa AZ (2022) Heavy metals signature in stream sediment at eseka gold district, Central Africa: a pre-mining environment assessment. Chem Afr 5:413–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-022-00314-7
Salam MA, Alam MA, Paul SI, Islam F, Shaha DC, Rahman MM, Khan MAR, Rahman MM, Islam AKMA, Ahamed T (2021) Assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of Chalan Beel Wetland area in Bangladesh. Processes 9:410. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9030410
Sekabira K, Oryem OH, Basamba TA, Mutumba G, Kakudidi E (2010) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the urban stream sediments and its tributaries. Int J Environ Sci Tech 7:435–446
Shiry N, Derakhshesh N, Gholamhosseini A, Pouladi M, Faggio C (2021) Heavy Metal Concentrations in Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) and Sediment in the Chabahar Bay Iran. Int J Environ Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-021-00352-y
Simex SA, Helz GR (1981) Regional geochemistry of trace elements in Chesapeake Bay. Environ Geo 3:315–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473521
Sulaiman MB, Salawu K, Zubaru I (2016) Assessment of Potential Health Risks Associated with Remediated and Non-Remediated Soils at Illegal Mining Compound in Dareta, Zamfara, Nigeria. Int J Inn Sci Eng Techno 3:151–160
Sulaiman MB, Santuraki AH, Babayo AU (2018a) Ecological Risk Assessment of Some Trace Elements in Roadside Soils at Different Traffic Circles in Gombe, Northern Nigeria. J App Sci Environ Manage 22:999–103. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v22i6.26
Sulaiman MB, Santuraki AH, Isa KA, Oluwasola OH (2018b) Geo-accumulation and contamination status of trace elements in selected MSW dumpsites soil in Gombe, Nigeria. Bima J Sci Tecno 2:31–41
Sulaiman MB, Asegbeloyin JN, Ihedioha JN, Oyeka EE, Oji EO (2019) Trace elements content of soil around a municipal solid waste dumpsite in Gombe, Nigeria: assessing the ecological and human health impact. J Chem Health Risk 9:173–190. https://doi.org/10.22034/jchr.2019.668183
Sulaiman MB, Santuraki AH, Gimba AM et al (2022) Pollution profile, ecological and health risk assessment of trace metals in soils of auto mechanic workshops at Gombe metropolis, Gombe State. Northeastern Nigeria Arab J Geosci 15:1549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10833-9
Sutherland RA (2000) Bed sediment-associated trace elements in an urban stream, Oahu. Hawaii Environ Geo 39:611–627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050473
Tang H, Ke Z, Yan M, Wang W, Nie H, Li B, Zhang J, Xu X, Wang J (2018) Concentrations, Distribution, and Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Daya Bay. China Wat 10:80. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10060080
Tchounda T, Mboudou GMM, Agyingi CM (2019) Heavy metal concentration and distribution in stream sediments of Ndongo River, Buea, Cameroon - environmental impact. Worl Sci News 131:15–36
Thomilson DC, Wilson JG, Harris CR, Jeffrey DW (1980) Problem in trace elements in estuaries and the formation of pollution index. Helgo Meere 33:566–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02414780
Tokatlı C (2017) Bio-Ecological and Statistical Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in Sediments of a Worldwide Important Wetland: Gala Lake National Park (Turkey). Archives of Environ Protec 43:34–47. https://doi.org/10.1515/aep-2017-0007
Tokatli C (2019) Sediment quality of Ergene River Basin: bio–ecological risk assessment of toxic elements. Environ Monit Asses 191:706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7885-2
Turekian KK, Wedepohl KH (1961) Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Bull Geolo Soc Amer 72:175–192. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606
Wang SH, Wang WW, Chen JY, Li Z, Zhang B, Jiang X (2019) Geo-chemical baseline establishment and pollution source determination of heavy metals in lake sediments: a case study in Lihu Lake, China. Sci Tot Environ 657:978–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.098
Wenning RJ (2005) Use of sediment quality guidelines and related tools for the assessment of contaminated sediments. Soc Environ Toxic Chem 1–41
Yang J, Chen L, Liu LZ, Shi WL, Meng XZ (2014) Comprehensive risk assessment of trace elements in lake sediment from public parks in Shanghai. Ecoto Environ Safe 102:129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.01.010
Yi YJ, Wang ZY, Zhang K, Yu GA (2008) Sediment pollution and its effect on fish through food chain in the Yangtze River. Int J Sediment Res 23:338–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6296-y
Yi YJ, Yang Z, Zhang S (2011) Ecological risk assessment of trace elements in sediment and human health risk assessment of trace elements in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. Environ Poll 159:2575–2585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.011
Yi YJ, Sun J, Tang CH, Zhang SH (2016) Ecological risk assessment of trace elements in sediment in the upper reach of the Yangtze River. Environ Sci Poll Res 23:11002–11013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6296-y
Yu GB, Liu Y, Yua S, Wuc SC, Leung AOW, Luo XS, Xua B, Li HB, Wongc MH (2011) Inconsistency and comprehensiveness of risk assessments for heavy metals in urban surface sediments. Chemosphere 85:1080–1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.039
Yuan Y, Liu B, Liu H (2022) Spatial distribution and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediments of East Dongting Lake. China Sci Rep 12:7940. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12148-x
Yunus K, Zuraidah MA, John A (2020) A review on the accumulation of heavy metals in coastal sediment of Peninsular Malaysia. Ecofe Cli Chan 1:21–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/EFCC-03-2020-0003
Zeng J, Yang L, Wang X, Wang WX, Wu QL (2012) Metal accumulation in fish from different zones of a large, shallow freshwater lake. Ecoto Environ Safe 86:116–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.09.003
Zerizghi T, Yang Y, Wang W, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Yi YJ (2020) Ecological risk assessment of trace element concentrations in sediment and fish of a shallow lake: a case study of Baiyangdian Lake. North China Environ Monit Asses 192:154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8078-8
Zhang Y, Li H, Yin J, Zhu L (2020) Risk assessment for sediment associated heavy metals using sediment quality guidelines modified by sediment properties. Environ Poll. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115844
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there exist no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Lifeng Yin.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Obayomi, O.O., Sulaiman, M.B., Oluwasola, H.O. et al. Ecological risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in the bottom sediments of a stream in Oke-Ere, Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 13107–13118 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04851-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04851-7