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Estimating range disjunction time of the Palearctic Admirals (Limenitis L.) with COI and histone H1 genes

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Abstract

Three species of the genus Limenitis (Nymphalidae) (L. camilla, L. helmanni, L. sydyi) have split ranges in the Palearctic. Their disjunction was dated either to the Pleistocene or to the Subboreal time of the Holocene. This genus also exhibits an amphiberingean disjunction, L. populi vs four Nearctic species. To evaluate the disjunction time in Eurasia, we analysed a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene and a major part of the histone H1 gene. The former was sequenced in 51 specimens of three species with Palearctic disjunctions. We detected a diverged nuclear copy of the COI gene in L. camilla. The histone H1 gene was sequenced in 64 specimens of 8 species. In five species, intra-species and intra-individual nucleotide substitutions and variation in the number of intra-genic repeats were observed and studied by cloning of individual gene copies, with individuals found with more than two variants. With 30–80 copies of histone H1 gene in Limenitis genomes, as estimated by real time PCR, this was interpreted as cis-heterogeneity across the histone gene cluster. No fixed differences between the western and eastern range parts were found in L. helmanni, L. camilla and L. sydyi, although in the former more alleles of both sequences were found in the eastern part. This suggests the range disjunctions to be too recent to be dated by molecular means and they may only be estimated to have taken place not more than 77–100 tya. This fits their provisional dating by Dubatolov and Kosterin (Entomologica Fennica 11(3), 141-161, 2000) to the Subboreal time of the Holocene.

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The sequences are submitted to European Nucleotide Archive; the relevant accession numbers are provided in Table 1.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Vladimir A. Lukhtanov, Vadim K. Zinchenko, Margarita G. Kovalenko (Bush) and Kim Mitter (ATO Lepidoptera collection) for specimens of Limenitis spp., to Vera S. Bogdanova for various valuable help and to Vasiliy V. Reshetnkov for consultations on qPCR. The work was supported by the Russian State Scientific Programmes FWNR-2022-0019 and FNI-0247-2021-0004 and the project 16-34-0084516 of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.

Funding

The work was supported by the Scientific Programmes FWNR-2022–0019 and FNI-0247-2021-0004 and the project 16–34-0084516 of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Cytology & Genetics of Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev ave. 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

    Vladimir I. Solovyev, Valeriya Y. Vavilova & Oleg E. Kosterin

  2. National Research Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

    Vladimir I. Solovyev & Oleg E. Kosterin

  3. Insitute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, 630099, Russia

    Vladimir V. Dubatolov

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  4. Oleg E. Kosterin
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Specimens were collected by Oleg E. Kosterin and Vladimir V. Dubatolov. Vladimir I. Solovyev and Oleg E. Kosterin designed the experiments, performed phylogenetic analyses, Vladimir I. Solovyev performed molecular analysis, and Valeriya Y. Vavilova cloned histone H1 genes. Analyses of results were performed by Vladimir I. Solovyev, Oleg E. Kosterin, and Vladimir V. Dubatolov. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Vladimir I. Solovyev, Oleg E. Kosterin and Vladimir V. Dubatolov and all authors commented on subsequent versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Solovyev, V.I., Dubatolov, V.V., Vavilova, V.Y. et al. Estimating range disjunction time of the Palearctic Admirals (Limenitis L.) with COI and histone H1 genes. Org Divers Evol 22, 975–1002 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-022-00565-9

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