Abstract
Objectives
As the volume of mindfulness research continues amassing exponentially, there have been attempts to review works in various aspects of mindfulness research systematically. The present study provides a scoping review via a topic modelling approach to supplement the overall research synthesis effort. Specifically, the objective is to scope the mindfulness research by identifying topics relevant to mindfulness research using the probabilistic topic modelling approach.
Methods
A literature search based on “mindfulness” returned 5947 bibliographical records from the Web of Science Core Collection platform (for records up to 20 October 2017). The combined field of titles and abstracts was subjected to probabilistic topic modelling based on latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA).
Results
The optimal number of topics suggested was 106. Further interpretation by the research team resulted in a total of 231 Suggested Terms. The terms were further categorised into Condition/Issue, Construct/Philosophy, Modality, Population/Setting and Research Methodology.
Conclusions
The topic modelling process obtained a panoptic view of mindfulness research, providing mindfulness researchers with some indicators regarding the range of topics researched. The outcome of this topic modelling effort has been made available at https://hdl.handle.net/10497/20862.
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Acknowledgements
We like to thank Clarivate Analytics for Web of Science Core Collection data access. We would also like to thank research assistants for their help with preparing the reference lists for identified topics.
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YHK conceptualised the study, completed the data analysis involving R programming, led the interpretation of Collective Themes and Suggested Terms, wrote the paper and formatted the TiddlyWiki file. CL wrote part of the methods and discussion sections, interpreted the Collective Themes and Suggested Terms and formatted the TiddlyWiki file. LCK wrote part of the discussion section, interpreted the Collective Themes and Suggested Terms and formatted the TiddlyWiki file. CJT wrote part of the introduction section and interpreted the Collective Themes and Suggested Terms. KC analysed the data and prepared the figures depicting the beta cutoff. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Additional Technical Details of Topic Modelling
To determine the optimal number of topics within the document term matrix, the optimal_k function (available on https://github.com/trinker) was used. This function produces multiple LDA models iteratively (parameters: seed = 5412, burnin = 1000, thin = 100, iter = 1000, keep = 100) and plots the harmonic means of the log likelihoods from each topic. We set an upper limit of 200 topics and ran the simulations. The entire process took approximately 11 h on a laptop with the following configuration: Windows 7 Enterprise Intel® Core™ i7-4510 U CPU at 2 GHz, 2.6 GHz with 8 GB RAM and 64-bit operating system. Since the value depicting the maximisation of the harmonic mean of the log-likelihood was 106, we set the optimal number of topics as 106.
Once the optimal number of topics was determined, we generated the final LDA model on the document term matrix using the lda function in topicmodels (Grün and Hornik 2011) based on k = 106 and the aforementioned parameters. Within the final model of 106 topics, each topic was assigned an arbitrary topic number (e.g. Topic 1), and with each topic, a list of generated terms together with the terms’ respective beta values were derived. Briefly, beta is indicative of the probability of occurrence of a term within a topic, or per-topic-per-word probabilities (Silge and Robinson 2017). For example, if a generated term “sport” has a beta of 0.30 for Topic N, it means that the probability of “sport” being generated from Topic N is 30%. Within a topic, say sport, one may find that a closely related word for that topic, for example, “athletics,” may have a higher beta then a relatively unrelated word like “headsets.” Since all the generated terms are assigned to each topic but with varying betas, to derive a meaningful list of terms for each topic, we calculated a cutoff value for beta to omit terms with substantially lower betas, using the Fisher method, implemented with the classIntervals function in classInt (Bivand 2017). A list of more relevant generated terms for each topic which are surfaced for subsequent interpretation as a result (e.g. flow, coach, athlete and sport), after dropping the remaining terms with betas lower than the cutoff value (e.g. neighbourhood and fund). In some cases, there is only one term as the beta values for the second term onwards are below the cutoff value.
We further rely on the gamma values to generate lists of publications that best represent contents tied to each topic number. Briefly, the gamma value is an estimation of the proportion of words from a particular publication record that is generated from a specified topic, or per-document-per-topic probabilities (Silge and Robinson 2017). For example, if record A has a gamma of 0.90 for Topic X whilst record B has a gamma of 0.01 for Topic X, Topic X is better represented by record A than record B, comparatively. The result is that all the records will have a gamma value for a target topic. With that, a cutoff value, derived using the aforementioned Fisher method, was applied to derive the list of records with substantially greater gammas to further interpret the topic.
Appendix 2
Collective Themes
Topic 1: Youth
Topic 2: Unclear
Topic 3: Intolerance
Topic 4: Mind-wandering
Topic 5: Sport performance
Topic 6: Pregnancy
Topic 7: Unclear
Topic 8: Contemplative science
Topic 9: Implicit processes
Topic 10: Caregiving
Topic 11: Ethics
Topic 12: Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Topic 13: Decentering
Topic 14: Mind-body relation
Topic 15: Bipolar disorder
Topic 16: Inflammation
Topic 17: Unclear
Topic 18: Unclear
Topic 19: Therapy
Topic 20: Spirituality
Topic 21: Unclear
Topic 22: Yoga
Topic 23: Mobile phone
Topic 24: Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)
Topic 25: Teams and organisations
Topic 26: Unclear
Topic 27: Substance use
Topic 28: Nursing
Topic 29: Creativity in mind-wandering
Topic 30: Sleep
Topic 31: Suppression of automaticity
Topic 32: Buddhism
Topic 33: Unclear
Topic 34: Worry
Topic 35: Cancer
Topic 36: Self-control
Topic 37: Alcohol dependency
Topic 38: Unclear
Topic 39: Unclear
Topic 40: Unclear
Topic 41: Unclear
Topic 42: Older adults
Topic 43: Unclear
Topic 44: Religion
Topic 45: Addiction
Topic 46: Intelligence
Topic 47: Unclear
Topic 48: Social anxiety disorder (SAD)
Topic 49: Cognitive behaviour therapy
Topic 50: Aggression
Topic 51: Pain
Topic 52: Identity
Topic 53: Unclear
Topic 54: Communication
Topic 55: Teacher
Topic 56: Psychosis
Topic 57: Quality of life
Topic 58: Unclear
Topic 59: Unclear
Topic 60: Neuroticism
Topic 61: Unclear
Topic 62: Mindful movement
Topic 63: Suicidal ideation
Topic 64: Unclear
Topic 65: Unclear
Topic 66: Therapist
Topic 67: Unclear
Topic 68: Unclear
Topic 69: Weight and dietary-related issues
Topic 70: Mindfulness-based intervention
Topic 71: Unclear
Topic 72: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
Topic 73: Rumination
Topic 74: Compassion
Topic 75: Unclear
Topic 76: Unclear
Topic 77: Unclear
Topic 78: Unclear
Topic 79: Unclear
Topic 80: Unclear
Topic 81: Unclear
Topic 82: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Topic 83: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Topic 84: Unclear
Topic 85: Adolescent
Topic 86: Job burnout
Topic 87: Sexual issues
Topic 88: Organisation
Topic 89: Partner/couple
Topic 90: Unclear
Topic 91: Smoking
Topic 92: Unclear
Topic 93: Parent-children
Topic 94: Chinese
Topic 95: Veteran-PTSD
Topic 96: Errors
Topic 97: Unclear
Topic 98: Unclear
Topic 99: Violence and trauma
Topic 100: Unclear
Topic 101: Unclear
Topic 102: Unclear
Topic 103: Unclear
Topic 104: Unclear
Topic 105: Unclear
Topic 106: Unclear
Appendix 3
Condition/Issue
Addiction
Aggression
Alcohol dependency
Alexithymia
Anger rumination
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Bipolar disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Burnout
Cancer
Cardiac rehabilitation
Cell phone use
Childbirth
Childhood trauma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Communication
Conflict
Craving
Death
Diabetes
Disaster
Discomfort
Eating
Errors
Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)
Food consumption
Gambling
Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
Headache
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Hypertension
Infertility
Inflammatory responses
Injuries
Internet addiction
Intolerance
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Media multitasking
Opioid use
Organ transplant
Pain
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Procrastination
Psychosis
Rehabilitation
Safety
Schizophrenia
Sexual issues
Sleep
Smoking
Social anxiety disorder (SAD)
Social media behaviour
Speech
Substance use
Suicidal ideation
Tinnitus
Trauma
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD)
Urgency
Violence
Voice hallucination
Weight
Worry
Appendix 4
Construct/Philosophy
Accuracy
Ambiguity
Ambivalence
Amygdala
Attention
Autobiographical memory
Automaticity
Boundary
Buddhism
Clarity
Cognitive fusion
Cognitive intrusion
Coherence
Compassion
Congruence
Contemplative science
Creativity
Curiosity
Decentering
Default mode network (DMN)
Defusion
Discrepancy
Dissociation
Distraction
Embodiment
Empathy
Ethics
Flourishing
Flow
Forgiveness
Gratitude
Happiness
Healing
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL)
Hypnosis
Identity
Imagery
Immersion
Implicit processes
Impulsivity
Indian
Intelligence
Interoceptive processes
Intuition
Journey
Joy
Locus of control
Love
Loving-kindness meditation
Metacognition
Mind-wandering (1)
Mind-wandering (2)
Mindlessness
Motor
Neuroticism
Nonattachment
Panic
Perfectionism
Psychological well-being
Quality of life
Reappraisal
Recall
Religion
Reward
Rumination
Self-esteem
Sense making
Serenity
Shame
Silence
Spirituality
Subjective well-being
Suppression
Transcendence
Trust
Values-based processes
Vipassana
Virtues
Vision
Wisdom
Zen
Appendix 5
Modality
Arts
Bibliotherapy
Cognitive behaviour therapy
Health enhancement programme (HEP)
Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT)
Internet-delivered intervention
Martial arts
Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)
Mind-body therapies
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
Mindfulness-based intervention
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Mindfulness-based therapies
Mobile applications
Music
Phone-based intervention
Progressive muscle relaxation
Qigong
Retreat
Tai chi
Taiji
Virtual reality
Walk
Web app
Writing
Yoga
Appendix 6
Population/Setting
Adolescent
African
Agile software development
Athlete
Beginners
Caregivers
Chinese
Coach
Elderly
Ethnic minority
Health care worker burnout
Intergroup relations
Japan
Leadership
Learner
Mathematics
Mental health care staff
Nursing
Older adults
Organisation (1)
Organisation (2)
Palliative care
Parent-children
Partner/couple
Physician job burnout
Politics
Pregnancy
Psychologist well-being
Romantic attraction
Sport
Supervisory roles
Teacher
Teams
Therapist
Tourism
Veteran/military
Worksite
Youth
Appendix 7
Research Methodology
Biofeedback
Blood flow
Brain structure
Cortisol
Cross-cultural
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Event-related potential (ERP)
Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
Genetics
Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)
Narrative
Priming
Profile of Mood States (POMS)
Rasch analysis
Spanish questionnaires
Story
Telomere
Text messages
Treatment as usual
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Kee, Y.H., Li, C., Kong, L.C. et al. Scoping Review of Mindfulness Research: a Topic Modelling Approach. Mindfulness 10, 1474–1488 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01136-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01136-4