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Nonylphenol ethoxylate degradation in detergents during shelf time, a new exposure pathway, and a perspective on their substitution

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Abstract

Detergents are highly produced pollutants with environmental problems like foam generation and toxic effects in biota. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are efficient, economical, and versatile surfactants, used in detergents for more than 40 years due to their detergency capacity. In the environment, NPE biodegrades into the metabolite nonylphenol (NP), classified as an endocrine disruptor. The identification and quantification of 4-NP in a designed detergent and 30 commercially available detergents were performed to prove the degradation of NPE into 4-NP during storage time. This investigation introduces the first evidence of NPE degradation during storage in commercially available detergents, demonstrating a novel exposure pathway in humans that has not been explored before, representing potential human health risks. Therefore, simple, easy, low-cost, and available approaches to remove and substitute NP is paramount. Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) was assessed as a substitute, and the feasibility of this substitution was proven according to physical and chemical properties, cleaning performance, and antimicrobial properties. NPE substitution in detergents is demonstrated as a viable strategy to minimize exposure risks in humans and the environment.

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Funding

The authors received grants and fellowships from the National Council on Science and Technology Initial Academic Postdoctoral Research CVU 815662 “Ocurrencia de sales cuaternarias de amonio y sus subproductos de purificación en muestras de agua. Un desarrollo tecnológico sostenible para su sustitución en desinfectantes” and Sectoral Research Fund for Education Basic-Science # A1-S-28176.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado Edificio P. Facultad de Ingeniería, Zona Universitaria, Dr. Manuel Nava #8, C.P. 78290, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, México

    Luis Armando Bernal-Jácome

  2. Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Rioverde, Carretera Rioverde-San Ciro Km 4.5, CP, 79610, Rioverde, San Luis Potosi, México

    Juan Manuel Izar-Landeta & Karla Ximena Vargas-Berrones

  3. CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación Para La Innovación y Aplicación de La Ciencia y La Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México

    Rogelio Flores-Ramírez

  4. Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México

    Luis Fernando González-Salazar

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  1. Luis Armando Bernal-Jácome
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  2. Juan Manuel Izar-Landeta
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  4. Luis Fernando González-Salazar
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  5. Karla Ximena Vargas-Berrones
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All persons who meet authorship criteria are listed as authors, and all authors certify that they have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for the content, including participation in the concept, design, analysis, writing, or revision of the manuscript. Sampling, analytical methods, and manuscript writing by Luis Armando Bernal-Jácome; analytical methods by Juan Manuel Izar-Landeta and Luis Fernando González-Salazar; conceptualization and funding by Rogelio Flores-Ramírez; conceptualization, analytical methods, writing—reviewing, and manuscript editing by Karla Ximena Vargas-Berrones.

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Bernal-Jácome, L.A., Izar-Landeta, J.M., Flores-Ramírez, R. et al. Nonylphenol ethoxylate degradation in detergents during shelf time, a new exposure pathway, and a perspective on their substitution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 30497–30508 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33260-7

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