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Investigating the existence of asymmetric environmental Kuznets curve and pollution haven hypothesis in China: Fresh evidence from QARDL and quantile Granger causality

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Abstract

This study aims to analyze the asymmetric long-run relationship between economic growth (EG), foreign direct investment (FDI), and carbon emissions (CO2) within the context of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) in China. Employing the quarterly data from 1982Q1 to 2018Q4, we have used novel techniques to meet the stated objectives of our study, named quantile ARDL and quantile Granger causality. The study provides novel outcomes using the advanced quantile ARDL and quantile Granger causality tests. The significant implication of this method is that it provides locational asymmetry. We find strong evidence of the EKC and PHH for China based on the empirical results of linear and nonlinear ARDL models. Similarly, findings of quantile Granger causality validate the bidirectional relationship among all variables in upper and lower quantiles. Moreover, the results of the Wald test confirm the asymmetric long-run relationship between FDI and carbon emissions (CO2). Thus, legal measures must be enhanced, accepted, rigorously imposed, and monitored in all provinces to assure a further reduction in carbon emissions. This study will be conducive for the policymakers to combat environmental contamination concerning economic growth and FDI inflow in China.

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Notes

  1. NAFTA is the North American Free Trade Agreement.

    UNCED is the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development also known as “Earth Summit.”.

    WTO refers to World Trade Organization.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Business School, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, People’s Republic of China

    Rabia Akram & Gan Xiaoli

  2. School of Economics and Management, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

    Zeeshan Fareed

  3. School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China

    Bushra Zulfiqar

  4. School of Economics and Management, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

    Farrukh Shahzad

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  1. Rabia Akram
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  2. Zeeshan Fareed
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  3. Gan Xiaoli
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  4. Bushra Zulfiqar
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  5. Farrukh Shahzad
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Contributions

Rabia Akram: abstract, introduction, literature review, conclusion.

Zeeshan Fareed: data analysis, methodology, writing results and discussion.

Gan Xiaoli: conceptualization, supervision.

Bushra Zulfiqar: supervision, proofreading, and editing.

Farrukh Shahzad: conceptualization, data curation, conclusion.

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Correspondence to Zeeshan Fareed.

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Akram, R., Fareed, Z., Xiaoli, G. et al. Investigating the existence of asymmetric environmental Kuznets curve and pollution haven hypothesis in China: Fresh evidence from QARDL and quantile Granger causality. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 50454–50470 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18785-z

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