Abstract
Insufficient research has been conducted on the comprehensive detection of cetirizine dihydrochloride (CDH) in water bodies, while also overlooking the exploration of response time. Addressing these research gaps is crucial to enhance our understanding and detection capabilities of CDH in water. Consequently, the objective of this study was to develop an electrochemical sensor utilizing molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanointerfaced glassy carbon working electrode for the sensitive detection of CDH in water samples. The characterization of the MoO3 nanorods was conducted through morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy, structural examination employing X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis utilizing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The integration of the MoO3 nanointerfaced sensor resulted in an enhanced electrochemical response during cyclic voltammetry, amperometry, and differential pulse voltammetry, attributed to its catalytic activity, electron transfer capability, and conductive nano-bioenvironment. The sensor demonstrated a detection potential of 0.927 V (vs Ag/AgCl) within a rapid response time of less than 50 s. Furthermore, the linear range of detection spanned from 10 to 70 µM, with a limit of detection as low as 194 ± 1.25 nM. The remarkable anti-interference properties of the MoO3 material further highlight the applicability of the fabricated sensor in real sample analysis. Successful validation of the developed sensor was achieved through the detection of CDH in water samples obtained from the Kaveri River.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data in this manuscript is available from the corresponding author and can be provided on reasonable request.
References
Afkhami, A., Bagheri, H., Shirzadmehr, A., Khoshsafar, H., & Hashemi, P. (2012). A potentiometric sensor for Cd2+ based on carbon nanotube paste electrode constructed from room temperature ionic liquid, ionophore and silica nanoparticles. Electroanalysis, 24(11), 2176–2185. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201200246
Al-harbi, E. A. (2021). Fabrication and application of bismuth-film modified glassy carbon electrode as sensor for highly sensitive determination of cetirizine dihydrochloride in pharmaceutical products and water samples. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 16(10), 211036. https://doi.org/10.20964/2021.10.37
Almeida, Â., Freitas, R., Calisto, V., Esteves, V. I., Schneider, R. J., Soares, A. M. V. M., et al. (2018). Effects of carbamazepine and cetirizine under an ocean acidification scenario on the biochemical and transcriptome responses of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Environmental Pollution, 235, 857–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.121
Bahlmann, A., Carvalho, J. J., Weller, M. G., Panne, U., & Schneider, R. J. (2012). Immunoassays as high-throughput tools: Monitoring spatial and temporal variations of carbamazepine, caffeine and cetirizine in surface and wastewaters. Chemosphere, 89(11), 1278–1286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.020
Bai, S., Chen, S., Chen, L., Zhang, K., Luo, R., Li, D., & Liu, C. C. (2012). Ultrasonic synthesis of MoO3 nanorods and their gas sensing properties. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 174, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.08.015
Balasubramanian, P., Annalakshmi, M., Chen, S.-M., & Chen, T.-W. (2019). Sonochemical synthesis of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) microspheres anchored graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) ultrathin sheets for enhanced electrochemical sensing of Furazolidone. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 50, 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.09.006
Baltes, E., Coupez, R., Brouwers, L., & Gobert, J. (1988). Gas chromatographic method for the determination of cetirizine in plasma. Journal of Chromatography, 430(1), 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83145-x
Borowska, E., Bourgin, M., Hollender, J., Kienle, C., McArdell, C. S., & von Gunten, U. (2016). Oxidation of cetirizine, fexofenadine and hydrochlorothiazide during ozonation: Kinetics and formation of transformation products. Water Research, 94, 350–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.020
Chithambararaj, A., Sanjini, N. S., Bose, A. C., & Velmathi, S. (2013). Flower-like hierarchical h-MoO3: New findings of efficient visible light driven nano photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation. Catalysis Science & Technology, 3(5), 1405–1414. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CY20764A
Culková, E., Lukáčová-Chomisteková, Z., Bellová, R., Melicherčíková, D., Durdiak, J., Timko, J., et al. (2018). Boron-doped diamond film electrode as voltammetric sensor for cetirizine. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 13(7), 6358–6372. https://doi.org/10.20964/2018.07.42
Fazio, E., Spadaro, S., Bonsignore, M., Lavanya, N., Sekar, C., Leonardi, S. G., et al. (2018). Molybdenum oxide nanoparticles for the sensitive and selective detection of dopamine. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 814, 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.02.051
Gill, A. A. S., Singh, S., Nate, Z., Pawar, C., Chauhan, R., Thapliyal, N. B., et al. (2021). One-pot synthesis of β-cyclodextrin modified silver nanoparticles for highly sensitive detection of ciprofloxacin. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 203, 114219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114219
Gowda, B. G., Melwanki, M. B., & Seetharamappa, J. (2001). Extractive spectrophotometric determination of ceterizine HCl in pharmaceutical preparations. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 25(5), 1021–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(01)00395-8
Güngör, S. D. (2004). Electrooxidation of cetirizine dihydrochloride with a glassy carbon electrode. Die Pharmazie, 59(12), 929–933.
Haghighi, S., Shapouri, M. R., Amoli-Diva, M., Pourghazi, K., & Afruzi, H. (2013). HPTLC-densitometric determination of cetirizine and montelukast analysis in combined tablet dosage forms. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR, 12(2), 303–309.
Iqbal, M., Ahmad, M. Z., Qureshi, K., Bhatti, I. A., Alwadai, N., & Kusuma, H. S. (2021). Template free zinc vanadate flower synthesis, characterization and efficiency for cetirizine-dihydrochloride degradation under UV light irradiation. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 272, 124968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124968
Jaber, A. M. Y., Al Sherife, H. A., Al Omari, M. M., & Badwan, A. A. (2004). Determination of cetirizine dihydrochloride, related impurities and preservatives in oral solution and tablet dosage forms using HPLC. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 36(2), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2004.07.002
Kalambate, P. K., & Srivastava, A. K. (2016). Simultaneous voltammetric determination of paracetamol, cetirizine and phenylephrine using a multiwalled carbon nanotube-platinum nanoparticles nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 233, 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.04.063
Kamble, B. B., Ajalkar, B. D., Tawade, A. K., Sharma, K. K., Mali, S. S., Hong, C. K., et al. (2021). Ionic liquid assisted synthesis of h-MoO3 hollow microrods and their application for electrochemical sensing of imidacloprid pesticide in vegetables. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 324, 115119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115119
Kanoun, O., Lazarević-Pašti, T., Pašti, I., Nasraoui, S., Talbi, M., Brahem, A., et al. (2021). A review of nanocomposite-modified electrochemical sensors for water quality monitoring. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 21(12), 4131. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124131
Karakaya, S., & Dilgin, D. G. (2019). Low-cost determination of cetirizine by square wave voltammetry in a disposable electrode. Monatshefte Fuer Chemie, 150(6), 1003–1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-019-2384-2
Karimian, N., Fakhri, H., Amidi, S., Hajian, A., Arduini, F., & Bagheri, H. (2019). A novel sensing layer based on metal–organic framework UiO-66 modified with TiO2–graphene oxide: Application to rapid, sensitive and simultaneous determination of paraoxon and chlorpyrifos. New Journal of Chemistry, 43(6), 2600–2609. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NJ06208K
Karimian, N., Hashemi, P., Khanmohammadi, A., Afkhami, A., & Bagheri, H. (2020). The principles and recent applications of bioelectrocatalysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research, 7(3), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.22036/abcr.2020.206676.1423
Khanmohammadi, A., Jalili Ghazizadeh, A., Hashemi, P., Afkhami, A., Arduini, F., & Bagheri, H. (2020). An overview to electrochemical biosensors and sensors for the detection of environmental contaminants. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 17(10), 2429–2447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-020-01940-z
Kulkarni, A. K., Tamboli, M. S., Nadargi, D. Y., Sethi, Y. A., Suryavanshi, S. S., Ghule, A. V., & Kale, B. B. (2020). Bismuth molybdate (α-Bi2Mo3O12) nanoplates via facile hydrothermal and its gas sensing study. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 281(November), 121043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2019.121043
Liu, Y., & Xu, L. (2007). Electrochemical sensor for tryptophan determination based on copper-cobalt hexacyanoferrate film modified graphite electrode. Sensors, 7(10), 2446–2457. https://doi.org/10.3390/s7102446
Liu, Y., Yang, S., Lu, Y., Podval’naya, N. V., Chen, W., & Zakharova, G. S. (2015). Hydrothermal synthesis of h-MoO3 microrods and their gas sensing properties to ethanol. Applied Surface Science, 359(114), 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.071
Lou, X. W., & Zeng, H. C. (2002). Hydrothermal synthesis of α-MoO3 nanorods via acidification of ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate. Chemistry of Materials, 14(11), 4781–4789. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0206237
Pandya, K. K., Bangaru, R. A., Gandhi, T. P., Modi, I. A., Modi, R. I., & Chakravarthy, B. K. (1996). High-performance thin-layer chromatography for the determination of cetirizine in human plasma and its use in pharmacokinetic studies. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 48(5), 510–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1996.tb05963.x
Patel, M., Kumar, R., Kishor, K., Mlsna, T., Pittman, C. U., & Mohan, D. (2019). Pharmaceuticals of emerging concern in aquatic systems: Chemistry, occurrence, effects, and removal methods. Chemical Reviews, 119(6), 3510–3673. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00299
Patil, R. H., Hegde, R. N., & Nandibewoor, S. T. (2011). Electro-oxidation and determination of antihistamine drug, cetirizine dihydrochloride at glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 83(1), 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.11.008
Pourghazi, K., Khoshhesab, Z. M., Golpayeganizadeh, A., Shapouri, M. R., & Afrouzi, H. (2011). Spectrophotometric determination of cetirizine and montelukast in prepared formulations. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(SUPPL. 2), 128–130.
Pushpanjali, P. A., Manjunatha, J. G., Hareesha, N., D’Souza, E. S., Charithra, M. M., & Prinith, N. S. (2021a). Voltammetric analysis of antihistamine drug cetirizine and paracetamol at poly(L-Leucine) layered carbon nanotube paste electrode. Surfaces and Interfaces, 24, 101154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101154
Pushpanjali, P. A., Manjunatha, J. G., Sreeharsha, N., Asdaq, S. M. B., & Anwer, M. K. (2021b). A highly responsive voltammetric methodology for the sensing of antihistamine drug cetirizine on the surface of cetrimonium bromide immobilized multi-walled carbon nanotube electrode. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 32(17), 22668–22679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06751-3
Rizk, N. M. H., Abbas, S. S., El-Sayed, F. A., & Abo-Bakr, A. (2009). Novel ionophore for the potentiometric determination of cetirizine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 4(3), 396–406.
Saha, A., Paul, A., Srivastava, D. N., & Panda, A. B. (2018). Porous carbon incorporated Β-Mo2C hollow sphere: An efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(47), 21655–21664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.051
Shaheen, I., & Ahmad, K. S. (2021). Modified sol gel synthesis of MoO3 NPs using organic template: Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical investigations. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 97(1), 178–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-020-05398-6
Shiri, S., Pajouheshpoor, N., Khoshsafar, H., Amidi, S., & Bagheri, H. (2017). An electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of rifampicin and isoniazid using a C-dots@CuFe2O4 nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode. New Journal of Chemistry, 41(24), 15564–15573. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NJ03029K
Subbiah, D. K., Babu, K. J., Das, A., & Rayappan, J. B. B. (2019). NiOx Nanoflower modified cotton fabric for UV filter and gas sensing applications. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 11(22), 20045–20055. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b04682
Sutar, R. S., & Rathod, V. K. (2015). Ultrasound assisted enzyme catalyzed degradation of cetirizine dihydrochloride. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 24, 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.10.016
Taherkhani, A., Karimi-Maleh, H., Ensafi, A. A., Beitollahi, H., Hosseini, A., Khalilzadeh, M. A., & Bagheri, H. (2012). Simultaneous determination of cysteamine and folic acid in pharmaceutical and biological samples using modified multiwall carbon nanotube paste electrode. Chinese Chemical Letters, 23(2), 237–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2011.10.023
Teixeira, M., Almeida, Â., Calisto, V., Esteves, V. I., Schneider, R. J., Wrona, F. J., et al. (2017). Toxic effects of the antihistamine cetirizine in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Water Research, 114, 316–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.032
Vernekar, P. R., Shetti, N. P., Shanbhag, M. M., Malode, S. J., Malladi, R. S., & Reddy, K. R. (2020). Novel layered structured bentonite clay-based electrodes for electrochemical sensor applications. Microchemical Journal, 159, 105441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.105441
Wankhede, S. B., Lad, K. A., & Chitlange, S. S. (2012). Development and validation of UV-spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous estimation of cetirizine hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride in tablets. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 4(3), 222–226.
Zhao, B., Nakada, N., Hanamoto, S., Zhang, L., & Wong, Y. (2021). Modeling in-stream attenuation of N-nitrosodimethylamine and formaldehyde during urban river transportation based on seasonal and diurnal variation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(9), 10889–10897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11361-3
Zhao, B., Wong, Y., Ihara, M., Nakada, N., Yu, Z., Sugie, Y., et al. (2022). Characterization of nitrosamines and nitrosamine precursors as non-point source pollutants during heavy rainfall events in an urban water environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 424, 127552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127552
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, for extending infrastructure support to carry out the work.
Funding
This work was supported by Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi & Technology Mission Division, New Delhi (DST/TMD/EWO/WTI/2K19/EWFH/2019/98(G)).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Methodology and writing original draft preparation: Kavya Pradeepan; formal analysis and investigation: Dinesh Kumar Subbiah; review and editing: Noel Nesakumar; conceptualization, review, and editing: Gautham B Jegadeesan; resources and supervision: Arockia Jayalatha Kulandaisamy; conceptualization and supervision: John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Pradeepan, K., Subbiah, D.K., Nesakumar, N. et al. Electrochemical Sensor for Antihistamine Drug Detection in River Water Using MoO3 Nanorods. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 499 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06516-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06516-0