Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Comparison of growth and few wood quality parameters of 24–25-year-old Tectona grandis (teak) trees raised under three agroforestry practices

  • Published:
Agroforestry Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tectona grandis L.f. (teak), though considered a paragon among timber species, raises several questions on quality parameters when grown on farmlands. The growth characteristics and important wood quality parameters such as equilibrium moisture content, density, shrinkage, static bending strength and stiffness, compressive strength parallel and perpendicular to grain, hardness, nail and screw holding powers of 24–25-year-old teak from intensively managed block (Bim), partially managed line (Lpm) and unmanaged block (Bum) plantations grown under agroforestry practices (AFP) were studied. Overall growth rate of teak trees of Bim was greater than Lpm and Bum. Few wood quality parameters of Bum were comparatively better than Bim and Lpm. However, teak from three AFP exhibited lower wood quality parameters compared to average values of forest teak. Superiority of Bum is reflected mainly in density and bending strength compared to Bim and Lpm. Other properties like compressive strength, hardness and nail and screw holding powers were almost comparable among three AFP. Flexural strength, compression parallel to grain and hardness of Bim and Lpm were found to be comparable. Average wood properties of both managed plantations were lower than Bum. There was no significant effect observed in specific gravity of wood when age of trees increased from 12 to 24 years. Although, Bum exhibited better or comparable properties to Bim and Lpm, average growth was significantly lower than managed plantations. Selective harvesting of Bum at pole stage may support optimal resource utilization, reduce inter-tree competition and provide an option to further delay felling of unharvested residual trees. Delayed harvesting of teak may provide more optimal economic utilisation as strength parameters are predicted to improve with increased maturity. If a decision to enhance financial returns is warranted, commercial felling could be initiated for Bim among the three options, due to its higher growth rate and moderate wood properties which can translate into higher returns. The outcome of the present study may be useful to stakeholders for taking appropriate management decisions for optimal utilization of the farm grown teak bioresource.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amoah M, Inyong S (2019) Comparison of some physical, mechanical and anatomical properties of smallholder plantation teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) from dry and wet localities of Ghana. J Indian Acad Wood Sci 16(2):125–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anon (1986) IS:1708: specification for methods of testing small clear specimens. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, pp 63

  • Anon (1990) IS: 2455. Specification for methods of sampling of model trees and logs and their conversion for timber testing. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, pp 10

  • Ball JB, Pandey D, Hirai S (2000) Global overview of teak plantations. In: Regional Seminar on ‘Site, technology and productivity of teak plantations’, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 26–29 January 1999: 11–34

  • Bhat KM (1999) Is fast grown teak inferior in wood quality? An appraisal from plantations of high input management. Wood News, Jan-March Issue:17–20

  • Bhat KM, Ok Ma H (2004a) Teak grower’s unite. ITTO Trop for Update 14:3–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhat KM, Priya PB (2004b) Influence of provenance variation on wood properties of teak from the Western ghat region in India. IAWA J 25(3):273–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat KM, Priya PB, Rugmini P (2001) Characterisation of juvenile wood in teak. Wood Sci Technol 34:517–532

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop P (2006) 100 Woods: a guide to popular timbers of the world. The Crowood, London (UK), pp 224

  • Centeno JC (1997) The management of teak plantations. Trop for 7:10–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordero PLD, Kanninen M (2003) Heartwood, sapwood, bark content and wood dry density of young and mature teak (Tectona grandis) trees grown in Costa Rica. Silva Fenn 37(1):45–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Darmawan W, Nandika D, Sari RK, Sitompul A, Rahayu I, Gardner D (2015) Juvenile and mature wood characteristics of short and long rotation teak in Java. IAWA J 36(4):428–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2000) Global forest resources assessment 2000. Forestry Paper 140: 23-38

  • FAO (2013) Natural teak forests decline, while planted teak forests increase. News article, Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations. Available at: https://www.fao.org

  • FPL (2021) Wood handbook-wood as an engineering material. General technical report FPL-GTR-282. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. pp 543

  • Galloway G, Ugalde L, Vasquez W (2001) Importance of density reductions in tropical plantations: experiences in central America. For Trees Livelihoods 11(3):217–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izekor DN, Fuwape JA, Oluyege AO (2010) Effects of density on variations in the mechanical properties of plantation grown Tectona grandis wood. Arch Appl Sci Res 2(6):113–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacoby GC (1989) Overview of tree-ring analysis in tropical regions. IAWA Bull 10:99–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayawardana DN, Amarasekera HS (2009) Effect of growth rate on wood quality of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) plantations at Malsiri pura, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka. Vidyodaya J Sci: 149–170.

  • Josue J, Imiyabir Z (Ed.) (2011) Anatomical features, quality and mechanical properties of 15-years-old Tectona grandis (TEAK) planted in Sabah: ITTO project on improving utilization and value adding of plantation timbers from sustainable sources in Malaysia (Project No. PD 306/04(1)), pp 43

  • Krisdianto (2008) Radial variation in microfibril angle of super and common teak wood. J for Res 5(2):125–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnapillay B (2000) Silviculture and management of teak plantations. Unasylva 201, Vol. 51:14–21

  • Lauridsen EB, Kjaer ED (2002) Provenance research in Gmelina arborea Linn., Roxb. A summary of results from three decades of research and a discussion of how to use them. Int for Rev 4(1):20–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandal AK, Chawhaan PH (2003) Investigations on inheritance of growth and wood properties and their interrelationships in Teak. Paper presented in ITTO/KFRI Int Conf on ‘Quality Timber from Sustainable Forest Management’, 2–3 Dec, KFRI, Peechi, Kerala

  • Mascarenhas A, Sccoti M, Melo R, Correa F, Souza E, Pimenta A (2020) Quality assessment of teak (Tectona grandis) wood from trees grown in a multi-stratified agroforestry system established in an Amazon rainforest area. Holzforschung 75(5):409–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miranda I, Sousa V, Pereira H (2011) Wood properties of teak (Tectona grandis) from a mature unmanaged stand in East Timor. J Wood Sci 57:171–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pachas ANA, Sakanphet S, Midgley S, Dieters M (2019) Teak (Tectona grandis) silviculture and research: applications for smallholders in Lao PDR. Aust for 82:94–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey D, Brown C (2000) Teak: a global overview. Unasylva 201(51):3–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajput SS, Shukla NK, Gupta VK, Jain JD (1991) Timber mechanics: strength, classification and grading of timber. ICFRE Publication No. 4, New Forest, Dehra Dun, pp 189

  • Rajput SS, Gulati AS (1993) Some considerations on the selection of reference timber for comparison in the evaluation of suitability indices of Indian timbers. J Indian Acad Wood Sci 14(2):96–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Ringhofer A, Burtscher M, Gstettner M, Sieder R (2021) Self-tapping timber screws subjected to combined axial and lateral loading. In INTER-International Network on Timber Engineering Research; Timber Scientific Publishing, Karlsruhe, Germany, pp 95–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizanti DE, Darmawan W, George B, Merlin A, Dumarcay S, Chapuis H, Gerardin C, Gelhaye E, Raharivelomanana P, Sari RK, Syafii W, Mohamed R, Gerardin P (2018) Comparison of teak wood properties according to forest management: short versus long rotation. Ann for Sci 75:39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sekhar AC, Rawat BS (1966) Physical and mechanical properties of teak from different localities in India and neighbouring areas. Ind for Rec (timb Mech) 1(13):197–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Seta GW, Widiyatno HF, Na’iem M (2021) Impact of thinning and pruning on tree growth, stress wave velocity, and pilodyn penetration response of clonal teak (Tectona grandis) plantation. Forest Sci Technol 17(2):57–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2021.1911865

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla SR, Viswanath S (2014) Comparative study on growth, wood quality and financial returns of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) managed under three different agroforestry practices. Agrofor Syst 88:331–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla SR, Rao RV, Sharma SK, Kumar P, Sudheendra R, Shashikala S (2007) Physical and mechanical properties of plantation-grown Acacia auriculiformis of three different ages. Aust for 70(2):86–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla NK, Lal M (1994) Physical and mechanical properties of plantation grown Tectona grandis (teak) from Mizoram. J Timb Dev Assoc (India) Vol. XL (3): 38–49

  • Shukla SR, Viswanath S (2021) Comparative financial analysis of plantation teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) under different management practices in farmlands. Ind J Agrofor 23(2):107–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa VB, Cardoso S, Quilho T, Pereira H (2012) Growth rate and ring width variability of teak, Tectona grandis (Verbenaceae) in an unmanaged forest in East Timor. Rev Biol Trop (int J Trop Biol) 60(1):483–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Tee B, Patel MF; Chiew A (1995) Teak in Sabah: a sustainable agroforestry, The Harris Salleh Experience. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah: SEJATI Sdn Bhd, pp 77

  • Teng Q, Que Z, Li Z, Zhang X (2018) Effect of installed angle on the withdrawal capacity of self-tapping screws and nails. In Proceedings of the World Conference of Timber Engineering, Seoul, Korea, August 20–23

  • Tewari DN (1992) A monograph on teak. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun (India). pp 479

  • Thulasidas PK, Bhat KM (2009) Log characteristics and sawn timber recovery of home-garden teak from wet and dry localities of Kerala, India. Small-Scale for 8:15–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thulasidas PK, Bhat KM (2012) Mechanical properties and wood structure characteristics of 35-year-old home-garden teak from wet and dry localities of Kerala, India in comparison with plantation teak. J Ind Acad Wood Sci 9(1):23–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viquez E, Pérez D (2005) Effect of pruning on tree growth, yield, and wood properties of Tectona grandis plantations in Costa Rica. Silva Fenn 39(3):381–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahabu E, Raphael T, Chamshama SAO, Iddi S, Malimbwi RE (2015) Effect of spacing regimes on growth, yield, and wood properties of Tectona grandis at Longuza forest plantation Tanzania. Int J for Res 469760:6

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel BJ, Talbert J (1984) Applied forest tree improvement. Wiley, New York, p 505

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to the Director, IWST for keen interest in the research work. We are also grateful to different members of project support group for the technical help in data collection.

Funding

This work was supported by the Karnataka Forest Department, Bengaluru under the research project titled “Comparative study on growth, wood quality and financial returns of teak managed under different agroforestry practices in Karnataka” (IWST/WPEW/KFD/100).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560003, India

    S. R. Shukla

  2. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, 680653, India

    S. Viswanath

Authors
  1. S. R. Shukla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Viswanath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. R. Shukla.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shukla, S.R., Viswanath, S. Comparison of growth and few wood quality parameters of 24–25-year-old Tectona grandis (teak) trees raised under three agroforestry practices. Agroforest Syst 97, 631–645 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-023-00815-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-023-00815-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation