Abstract
Backfill coal mining, an environmentally friendly practice, is widely used to mitigate the hazards of water and sand inrushes (WSIs) and surface subsidence. In this study, a quantitative analysis for assessing the hazard reduction of WSIs due to backfilling was established that combines a modified analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with a geographic information system (GIS) and entropy. The analytical and quantitative model consists of four criteria and eight factors for the hazard assessment target layer. The weight of each index is comprehensively determined based on the modified AHP and entropy. Then, a hazard zone map that is color-coded is overlay analyzed based on GIS to comparatively evaluate the degrees of hazard from WSI due to longwall caving and paste backfill. The Taiping coal mine was used as a case study to validate the accuracy of the evaluation model. The results indicate that paste backfilling can effectively reduce the influence of the overburden failure height on WSI hazards. The highest hazard index of backfill mining was significantly reduced, and high-hazard and very high-hazard zones of longwall caving were transformed into low-hazard or even no-hazard zones. The evaluation results are in good agreement with actual engineering practices and offer an effective reference for practical engineering projects and prevention and control measures for safe mining under loose sand aquifers.
Zusammenfassung
Der Kohleabbau im Versatzverfahren ist als umweltschonende Praxis weit verbreitet. Die Gefahr von Wasser- und Sandeinbrüchen mit gleichzeitiger Oberflächensenkungen wird somit gemindert. In dieser Studie wird eine quantitative Bewertung der Gefahrenreduktion infolge von Wasser- und Sandeinbrüchen (WSIs) durch den Versatzbergbau mit Hilfe eines modifizierten analytischen Hierarchieprozesses (AHP) durchgeführt, wobei ein geografisches Informationssystem (GIS) verwendet und mit der Entropie kombiniert wird. Zur Gefahrenabschätzung besteht das analytische und quantitative Modell aus 4 Kriterien und 8 Faktoren. Die Gewichtung der einzelnen Indizes wird auf Basis des modifizierten AHP und der Entropie bestimmt. Anschließend wird eine farbcodierte Gefahrenzonenkarte mit Hilfe eines GIS überlagert, um den Grad der Gefährdung durch WSI aufgrund von Strebabbrüchen und Dickstoffversatz vergleichend zu bewerten. Eine Fallstudie im Taiping-Kohleabbau wird genutzt, um die Genauigkeit des Bewertungsmodells zu validieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine fließfähige Verfüllung den Einfluss der Überlagerungshöhe auf die WSI effektiv und das Risiko eines Deckgebirgsversagens infolge von WSI wirksam reduzieren kann. Die höchste Gefährdung wird durch den Versatzbergbau signifikant vermindert und kann die hochgefährdeten und sehr hochgefährdeten Zonen eines möglichen Strebausbruchbereichs in niedriggefährdete oder sogar nicht gefährdete Zonen überführen. Die Bewertungsergebnisse stehen in guter Übereinstimmung mit der realen Ingenieurpraxis und bieten eine effektive Referenz für Ingenieurprojekte sowie für Präventions- und Kontrollmaßnahmen und somit für einen sicheren Bergbau unterhalb von Lockergesteinsaquiferen.
Resumen
La minería de carbón de relleno, una práctica respetuosa con el medio ambiente, se utiliza ampliamente para mitigar los peligros de las irrupciones de agua y arena y el hundimiento de la superficie. En este estudio, se estableció un análisis cuantitativo para evaluar la reducción del peligro de las irrupciones de agua y arena (WSI) debido a la minería de relleno que combina un proceso de jerarquía analítica (AHP) modificado con un sistema de información geográfica (GIS) y entropía. El modelo analítico y cuantitativo consta de 4 criterios y 8 factores para la capa de evaluación de riesgos. El peso de cada índice se determina de forma exhaustiva a partir del AHP modificado y la entropía. A continuación, se superpone un mapa de zonas de peligro codificado por colores y analizado sobre la base de GIS para evaluar comparativamente los grados de peligro de WSI debido a la espeleología y al relleno. Se utiliza un estudio de caso de la mina de carbón de Taiping para validar la precisión del modelo de evaluación. Los resultados indican que el relleno puede reducir eficazmente la influencia de la altura de la sobrecarga sobre la falla en los riesgos de WSI. El mayor índice de riesgo de la minería de relleno se reduce significativamente y transforma las zonas de alto y muy alto riesgo de la excavación en zonas de bajo riesgo o incluso sin riesgo. Los resultados de la evaluación concuerdan con las prácticas reales de ingeniería y ofrecen una referencia eficaz para los proyectos prácticos de ingeniería y las medidas de prevención y control para una minería segura bajo acuíferos de arena suelta.
抽象的
充填开采是一种环境友好型工程方法, 被广泛应用于减小突水溃沙和地面沉降危害。建立了一种定量评价充填开采减小突水溃沙(WSIs)风险的方法, 该方法将改进的层次分析法(AHP)与地理信息系统(GIS)和熵权法相结合。层次分析和定量评价模型由4个标准和8个因素组成, 风险评价为目标层。每个指标的权重基于改进的AHP和熵权法综合确定, 基于GIS叠加了彩色编码风险区图层, 评价长壁开采冒落与膏体充填引起突水溃沙(WSI)的风险程度。通过太平煤矿案例验证了评价模型的准确性。结果表明, 膏体充填可有效减少覆岩破坏高度对突水溃沙(WSI)风险的影响。充填开采的最大危险指数明显降低, 长壁开采冒落的高风险区和极高风险区转变为低风险区甚至无风险区。评价结果与工程实践吻合, 为工程项目和松散含沙层下安全开采的防控措施提供了有益参考。
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under grant 2019YFC1805400 and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2020ZDPY0201). The study was also supported by the Science and Technology Project of Henan Province under grant 212102310596.
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Liu, Y., Liu, J., Yang, B. et al. Assessing Water and Sand Inrushes Hazard Reductions due to Backfill Mining by Combining GIS and Entropy Methods. Mine Water Environ 40, 956–969 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-021-00829-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-021-00829-4