Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Kinetic Testing for Oxidation Acceleration and Passivation of Sulfides in Waste Rock Piles to Reduce Contaminated Neutral Drainage Generation Potential

降低中性污染废水产生潜力的矸石堆硫化物加速氧化与钝化动态试验

Pruebas cinéticas para la aceleración de la oxidación y la pasivación de sulfuros en pilas de roca residual para reducir el potencial de generación de drenaje neutro contaminado

Kinetische Tests zur Beschleunigung der Oxidation und Passivierung von Sulfiden in Abraumhalden zur Reduzierung des Entstehungspotentials von kontaminiertem, neutralen Sickerwasser

  • Technical Article
  • Published:
Mine Water and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Contaminated neutral drainage (CND), generated when metals are leached and enough neutralizing minerals are present to keep a near-neutral pH, is a growing environmental concern related to mine waste management. There is a need to find ways to reduce CND generation from mine waste to avoid perpetual effluent treatment. Nickel concentrations at the Lac Tio mine effluent have been sporadically higher than provincial environmental standards. In this project, three different treatment solutions were applied to Lac Tio mine waste rock samples in 70 kg waste rock columns in an attempt to reduce nickel CND generation potential by forcing sulfide oxidation and/or passivation. Following the applications, kinetic tests were used to determine any reduction in sulfide oxidation and nickel leaching. Hydrogen peroxide and sodium silicate were the main products tested, alone and in combination with a sodium bicarbonate buffer. Buffered hydrogen peroxide showed the best potential to reduce CND generation, with nickel release reduced from 1.4 × 10–3 mg/kg/day (untreated) to 4.0 × 10–5 mg/kg/day (treated) and near-neutral pH values. This passivation treatment also reduced the sulfur release rate by more than 50%. Optical and scanning electron microscopy observations supported the laboratory results. To conclude, this research project proposes a new way to reduce the CND generation potential of low sulfide waste rock.

抽象

中性污染废水(CND)在金属滤出并有足够中和矿物保持液体近中性时产生。CND废水正日益成为矿山矸石管理的关注焦点。有必要寻找减少矿山矸石产生CND废水的方法, 避免日后无休止地进行CND废水处理。研究项目用多种加速硫化物氧化或钝化的处理液处理Lac Tio矸石样品, 降低它们产生含镍中性废水的能力。在镍去除处理前 Lac Tio排放废水的镍浓度时常超过省级环境标准。实验首先用处理液处理废矿石, 然后用动力试验法确定硫化物氧化性和浸出镍的减少特性。用内装70 kg废矿石的淋溶柱进行了三种处理液试验。过氧化氢和硅酸钠是被单独或与碳酸氢钠缓冲液一起被检出的主要滤出物。缓冲的过氧化氢具有最好的降低中性污染废水潜力, 镍释放率也从处理前1.4 × 10–3 mg/kg/day降至处理后4.0 × 10−5 mg/kg/day, 溶液pH值接近中性。由于钝化作用, 硫的释放率也较未处理降低一半以上。光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜的观察都证实了上述实验结果。为此 研究项目提出了一种减弱低硫废矿石产生CND废水潜力的新方法。

Resumen

El drenaje neutral contaminado (CND), generado cuando los metales se lixivian y hay suficientes minerales neutralizantes para mantener un pH casi neutro, es una preocupación ambiental creciente relacionada con el manejo de los desechos mineros. Es necesario encontrar formas de reducir el potencial de generación de CND a partir de los desechos mineros para evitar el tratamiento perpetuo de los efluentes. En este proyecto, se aplicaron diferentes soluciones de tratamiento en las muestras de roca residual de la mina Lac Tio para intentar reducir el potencial de generación de CND de níquel forzando la oxidación y/o pasivación de sulfuro. Las concentraciones de níquel en el efluente de la mina Lac Tio, antes del tratamiento de eliminación de níquel, han sido esporádicamente más altas que las normas ambientales provinciales. El trabajo de laboratorio consistió en aplicar una solución de tratamiento a la roca residual, seguido de pruebas cinéticas para determinar la reducción de la oxidación de sulfuro y la lixiviación de níquel. Se probaron tres soluciones en columnas de roca residual de 70 kg. El peróxido de hidrógeno y el silicato de sodio fueron los principales productos probados, solos o en combinación con un tampón de bicarbonato de sodio. El peróxido de hidrógeno tamponado mostró el mejor potencial para reducir la generación de CND, con una reducción de la tasa de liberación de níquel de 1,4 × 10–3 mg/kg /día (sin tratar) a 4,0 × 10–5 mg/kg/día (tratado) y valores de pH casi neutros. Este tratamiento también redujo la velocidad de liberación de azufre en más de la mitad de la velocidad de liberación no tratada como resultado de la pasivación. Las observaciones de microscopía electrónica y de exploración óptica respaldaron los resultados de laboratorio. Para concluir, este proyecto de investigación propone un nuevo enfoque para reducir el potencial de generación de CND para la roca residual con bajo contenido de sulfuro.

Zusammenfassung

Kontaminiertes, neutrales Sickerwasser (contaminated neutral drainage: CND) entsteht, wenn Metalle freigesetzt werden, aber ausreichend neutralisierende Minerale vorliegen, um den pH-Wert im neutralen Milieu zu halten. CND stellen im Bereich des bergbaulichen Abfallmanagements ein zunehmendes Umweltproblem dar und es gibt einen dringlichen Bedarf an Möglichkeiten zur Vermeidung der dauerhaften Sickerwasserbehandlung durch Reduzierung des Entstehungspotentiales. Im vorliegenden Projekt wurden verschiedene Behandlungsmöglichkeiten auf Abraumproben aus der Lac Tio Mine angewendet. Ziel war die Reduzierung des Entstehungspotentiales nickelhaltigen CNDs durch Verstärkung der Oxidation und/oder Passivierung von Sulfiden. Nickelkonzentrationen im Ablauf der Lac Tio Mine vor der Wasseraufbereitung lagen bisweilen über der einschlägigen Umweltnorm der Provinz. Die Laborexperimente umfassten die Behandlung von Abraumproben mit einer Lösung gefolgt von kinetischen Tests zur Untersuchung der Reduktion von Sulfidoxidation und Nickellaugung. Drei Lösungen wurden auf Säulen mit 70 kg Abraum getestet. In der Hauptsache wurden Wasserstoffperoxid und Natriumsilikate, mit oder ohne Natriumbicarbonat-Puffer, getestet. Gepuffertes Wasserstoffperoxid zeigte das höchste Potential zur Reduzierung der CND-Entstehung mit einer Verringerung der Nickelfreisetzung von 1.4 × 10–3 mg/kg/Tag (unbehandelt) auf 4.0 × 10–5 mg/kg/Tag (behandelt) mit pH-Werten im neutralen Bereich. Auch die Freisetzungsrate für Schwefel wurde infolge der Passivierung um mehr als die Hälfte verringert. Die Laborergebnisse wurden durch Untersuchungen mittels Lichtmikroskopie und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie gestützt. Schlussfolgernd wird mit dem vorliegenden Forschungsprojekt eine neue Herangehensweise zur Reduzierung des CND-Entstehungspotentials für Abraum mit geringen Sulfidgehalten vorgeschlagen

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bhattacharya P (2013) Pilot scale evaluation of soil washing for treatment of arsenic contaminated soil (PSEMA) Final report. Formas Research Project Dnr: 245-2006-964

  • Bussière B, Demers I, Dawood I, Plante B, Aubertain M, Peregoedova A, Pepin G, Lessard G, Intissar R, Benzaazoua M, Molson J, Chouteau M, Zagury G, Monzon M, Laflamme D (2011) Comportement géochimique et hydrogéologique des stériles de la mine Lac Tio. In: Symp 2011 mines and the environment, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec. https://lodel.irevues.inist.fr/dechets-sciences-techniques/index.php?id=2238

  • Chandra AP, Gerson AR (2010) The mechanisms of pyrite oxidation and leaching: a fundamental perspective. Surf Sci Rep 65:293–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cravotta CA III (2008) Dissolved metals and associated constituents in abandoned coal-mine discharges, Pennsylvania, USA. Part 2: geochemical controls on constituent concentrations. Appl Geochem 23(2):203–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demers I, Bussière B, Plante B (2011) Field retention tests to evaluate nickel retention on mine waste rock. Pan-Am CGS Geotechnical Conf. https://geoserver.ing.puc.cl/info/conferences/PanAm2011/panam2011/pdfs/GEO11Paper605.pdf

  • Demers I, Bussière B, Plante B, Bouzahzah H (2012) Essais en colonnes sur les stériles de Havre-Saint-Pierre. Report to Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium Inc., Unité de recherche et de service en technologie minérale, Rouyn-Noranda, Canada (unpublished)

  • Demers I, Molson J, Bussière B, Laflamme D (2013) Numerical modeling of contaminated neutral drainage from a waste-rock field test cell. Appl Geochem 33:346–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evangelou VP (1995a) Potential microencapsulation of pyrite by artificial inducement of ferric phosphate coatings. J Environ Qual 24:535–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evangelou VP (1995b) Pyrite oxidation and its control. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Evangelou VP (1996) Oxidation proof silicate surface coating on iron sulfides. U.S. Patent 5,494,703

  • Evangelou VP (2001) Pyrite microencapsulation technologies: principles and potentiel field application. Ecol Eng 17(2–3):165–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evangelou VP, Huang X (1994) H2O2 induced oxidation proof phosphate surface coating on iron sulfides. Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Patents. US Patent 5,286,522

  • Fan R, Short MD, Zeng S-J, Qian G, Li J, Schumann R, Kawashima N, Smart R, Gerson AR (2017) The formation of silicate-stabilized passivating layers on pyrite for reduced acid rock drainage. Environ Sci Technol 51:11317–11325. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fytas F, Bousquet P (2002) Silicate micro-encapsulation of pyrite to prevent acid mine drainage. CIM Bull 95(1063):96–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Huminicki D, Rimstidt D (2009) Iron oxyhydroxide coating of pyrite for acid mine drainage control. Appl Geochem 24:1626–1634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DB, Hallberg KB (2005) Acid mine drainage remediation options: a review. Sci Total Environ 338:3–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jouini M, Rakotonimaro TV, Neculita CM, Genty T, Benzaazoua M (2019) Stability of metal-rich residues from laboratory multi-step treatment system for feriferous acid mine drainage. Environ Sci Pollut R. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04608-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang C-U, Jeon B-H, Park S-S, Kang J-S, Kim K-H, Kim D-K, Choi U-K, Kim S-J (2015) Inhibition of pyrite oxidation by surface coating: a long-term field study. Environ Geochem Health 38:1137–1146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9778-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kollias K, Mylona E, Adam K, Papassiopi N, Xenidis A (2014) Supression of pyrite oxidation by surface silica coating. J Geosci Environ Prot 2:37–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollias K, Mylona E, Papassiopi N, Xenidis A (2018) Development of silica protective layer on pyrite surface: a column study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:26780–26792

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay MBJ, Moncur MC, Bain JG, Jambor JL, Ptacek CJ, Blowes DW (2015) Geochemical and mineralogical aspects of sulfide mine tailings. Appl Geochem 57:157–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin V, Bussière B, Plante B, Pabst T, Aubertin M, Medina F, Bréard-Lanoix ML, Dimech A, Dubuc J, Poaty B (2017) Controlling water infiltration in waste rock piles: Design, construction, and monitoring of a large-scale in-situ pilot test pile. In: Proc, 70th Can Geotech Conf, Ottawa

  • MELCC (Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment, and Fight Against Climate Change) (2012) Directive 019 sur l'industrie minière Gouvernement du Québec

  • Plante B (2010) Évaluation des principaux facteurs d'nfluence sur la prédiction du drainage neutre contaminé. PhD Diss Univ du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (in French)

  • Plante B, Benzaazoua M, Bussière B, Biesinger MC, Pratt AR (2010) Study of Ni sorption onto Tio mine waste rock surfaces. Appl Geochem 25:1830–1844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plante B, Benzaazoua M, Bussière B (2011a) Kinetic testing and sorption studies by modified weathering cells to characterize the potential to generate contaminated neutral drainage. Mine Water Environ 30:22–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plante B, Benzaazoua M, Bussière B (2011b) Predicting geochemical behaviour of waste rock with low acid generating potential using laboratory kinetic tests. Mine Water Environ 30:2–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puigdollers AR, Schlexer P, Tosoni S, Pacchioni G (2017) Increasing oxide reducibility: the role of metal/oxide interfaces in the formation of oxygen vacancies. ACS Catal 7:6493–6513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qian G, Schumann R, Li J, Short MD, Fan R, Li Y, Kawashima N, Zhou Y, Smart RSC, Gerson AR (2017) Strategies for reduced acid and metalliferous drainage by pyrite surface passivation. Minerals Basel 7:42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson DE, Yao H, Franck KM, Bennet DA (2000) Equilibria, kinetics, and mechanism in the biocarbonate activation of hydrogen peroxide: oxidation of sulfides by peroxymonocarbonate. ACS J 122:1729–1739

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy V, Demers I, Plante B, Theriault M (2019) Oxidation acceleration and passivation of sulfides in waste rock to reduce contaminated neutral drainage. In: Proc geo-environmental engineering 2019, Concordia Univ, Montreal

  • Seta AK, Evangelou VP (1996) Pyrite microencapsulation: potential for abatement of acid mine drainage. In: Proc ASMR, Knoxvill. https://doi.org/10.21000/JASMR96010690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandiviere MM, Evangelou VP (1998) Comparative testing between conventional and microencapsulation approches incontrolling pyrite oxidation. J Geochem Explor 64:161–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Y, Fan R, Short MD, Li J, Schumann R, Xu H, Smart R, Gerson AR, Qian G (2018) Formation of aluminum hydroxide-doped surface passivating layers on pyrite for acid rock drainage control. Environ Sci Technol 52:11786–11795

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada’s Collaborative Research and Development program for the financial support and Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium for their partnership with UQAT and making advanced research with Lac Tio mine site possible.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Isabelle Demers.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Roy, V., Demers, I., Plante, B. et al. Kinetic Testing for Oxidation Acceleration and Passivation of Sulfides in Waste Rock Piles to Reduce Contaminated Neutral Drainage Generation Potential. Mine Water Environ 39, 242–255 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-020-00680-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-020-00680-z

Keywords

Navigation