Abstract
Stable isotopic composition (δ2H, δ18O) of river water, groundwater, and paddy water in the Mun River catchment, northeast Thailand, were determined to investigate the hydrological processes and the impacts of natural and anthropogenic activities on the water cycle. Quantities of δ2H (−93.9 to −25.4‰) and δ18O (−12.24 to −2.22‰) in river water in the wet season follow the trend: upper reaches > middle reaches ≈ lower reaches. Trends for δ2H (−52.3 to −22.0‰) and δ18O (−6.37 to −1.36‰) in the dry season are: upper reaches ≈ middle reaches > lower reaches. In the dry season, groundwater (δ2H: −57.5 to −34.6‰, δ18O: −8.24 to −4.40‰) shows a lighter isotopic composition, and paddy water (δ2H: −18.2‰, δ18O: −0.72‰) shows the highest isotopic composition. Spatial variation of δ18O and deuterium excess suggests that groundwater exchanges with surface water frequently. Rainfall and river water recharge groundwater in the wet season, and groundwater flows back to the river in the dry season, especially in the middle reaches. This process is most likely related to impoundment of the rivers by large dams. On the other hand, the lowest values of stable isotopes of river water are coincident with the extreme flooding that was produced by Tropical Storm Sonca in July 2017. This study contributes to a better understanding of hydrological processes in the Mun River catchment and provides a perspective on the application of stable isotopes to other large tropical monsoon catchments around the world.
Résumé
La composition en isotopes stables ((δ2H, δ18O) des eaux de rivière, souterraines et de rizières du bassin de la rivière Mun, nord-est de la Thaïlande a été déterminée pour étudier les processus hydrologiques et les impacts des activités naturelles et anthropiques sur le cycle de l’eau. Les teneurs en δ2H (−93.9 à −25.4‰) et δ18O (−12.24 à −2.22‰) des eaux de rivières en saison humide suivent la tendance suivante: parties supérieures > parties intermédiaires ≈ parties basses. Les tendances de δ2H (−52.3 à −22.0‰) et δ18O (−6.37 à −1.36‰) en saison sèche sont: parties supérieures ≈ parties intermédiaires > parties basses. En saison sèche, les eaux souterraines (δ2H: −57.5 to −34.6‰, δ18O: −8.24 to −4.40‰) montrent une composition isotopique plus appauvrie, et les eaux de rizières (δ2H: −18.2‰, δ18O: −0.72‰) montrent la composition isotopique la plus enrichie. Les variations spatiales en δ18O et excès en deutérium suggèrent que les eaux souterraines échangent fréquemment avec les eaux de surface. Les précipitations et l’eau des rivières rechargent les eaux souterraines pendant la saison des pluies, est les eaux souterraines s’écoulent vers la rivière pendant la saison sèche, spécialement dans les parties intermédiaires. Ce processus est certainement lié à l’endiguement des rivières par les grands barrages. D’autre part, les faibles teneurs isotopiques des eaux de rivière coïncident avec les crues extrêmes qui ont été produites par l’ouragan tropical Sonca de juillet 2017. This study contributes to a better understanding of hydrological processes in the Mun River catchment and provides a perspective on the application of stable isotopes to other large tropical monsoon catchments around the world. Cette étude participe à une meilleure compréhension des processus hydrologiques dans le bassin versant de la rivière Mun et fournit une perspective d’application des isotopes stables dans d’autres grands bassins influencés par les moussons tropicales dans le monde.
Resumen
Se determinó que la composición de isótopos estables (δ2H, δ18O) del agua de los ríos, aguas subterráneas y arrozales en la cuenca del río Mun, en el noreste de Tailandia, permite investigar los procesos hidrológicos y los impactos de las actividades naturales y antrópicas en el ciclo del agua. Las cantidades de δ2H (−93.9 a −25.4‰) y δ18O (−12.24 a −2.22‰) en agua de río en la estación húmeda siguen la tendencia: los tramos superiores > medios ≈ los tramos inferiores. Tendencias para δ2H (−52.3 a −22.0‰) y δ18O (−6.37 a −1.36‰) en la estación seca son: altas cumbres ≈ medias cumbres > bajas. En la estación seca, el agua subterránea (δ2H: −57.5 a −34.6‰, δ18O: −8.24 a −4.40‰) muestra una composición isotópica más ligera, y el agua de arroz (δ2H: −18.2‰, δ18O: muestra la composición isotópica más alta. La variación espacial de δ18O y el exceso de deuterio sugiere que el agua subterránea intercambia frecuentemente con el agua superficial. Las precipitaciones y el agua de los ríos recargan el agua subterránea en la estación húmeda, y el agua subterránea fluye hacia el río en la estación seca, especialmente en los tramos medios. Es muy probable que este proceso esté relacionado con el embalse de los ríos por medio de grandes presas. Por otro lado, los valores más bajos de isótopos estables de agua de río coinciden con las inundaciones extremas producidas por la tormenta tropical Sonca en julio de 2017. Este estudio contribuye a una mejor comprensión de los procesos hidrológicos en la cuenca del río Mun y proporciona una perspectiva sobre la aplicación de isótopos estables a otras grandes cuencas de monzones tropicales en todo el mundo.
摘要
泰国东北部Mun河流域中河水、地下水和稻田水的氢氧稳定同位素组成(δ2H, δ18O)被用于调查该地区水文过程和自然与人为活动条件对水循环的影响。雨季时, 河水中的δ2H (−93.9 到–25.4‰)与δ18O(−12.24 到 –2.22‰)的含量的规律是:上游河段>中游河段≈下游河段。而旱季时δ2H (−52.3 到 –22.0‰)与 δ18O (−6.37 到 –1.36‰)含量的规律是:上游河段≈中游河段>下游河段。旱季地下水中的稳定同位素含量较低(δ2H: –57.5到–34.6‰, δ18O: –8.24到–4.40‰), 而稻田水中同位素含量最高 (δ2H: −18.2‰, δ18O: −0.72‰)。δ18O与δ2H过量的空间变异性说明了地下水与地表水之间交换频繁。降雨与河流在雨季补给地下水, 在旱季地下水回补河流, 回补现象在中游河段最为明显。这一过程很可能与大坝蓄水有关。另一方面, 河水稳定同位素的最低值与2017年7月热带风暴Sonca造成的特大洪水发生的位置和时间相一致。这项研究有助于更好地了解Mun河流域的水文过程, 并为稳定同位素在世界各地其他大型热带季风流域的应用提供参考。
Resumo
A composição dos isótopos estáveis (δ2H, δ18O) da água do rio, água subterrânea e água de arrozais na bacia do Rio Mun, nordeste da Tailândia, foi determinada para investigar os processos hidrológicos e os impactos das atividades naturais e antrópicas no ciclo hidrológico. As variações de δ2H (−93.9 a −25.4 ‰) e δ18O (−12.24 a −2.22 ‰) na água do rio durante a estação chuvosa, seguem a seguinte tendência: valores superiores > valores médios ≈ valores inferiores. As tendências para δ2H (−52.3 a −22.0 ‰) e δ18O (−6.37 a −1.36 ‰) na estação seca são: valores superiores ≈ valores médios > valores inferiores. Na estação seca, as águas subterrâneas (δ2H: −57.5 a −34.6 ‰, δ18O: −8.24 a −4.40 ‰) apresentaram uma composição isotópica mais empobrecida e a água dos arrozais (δ2H: −18.2 ‰, δ18O: −0.72 ‰) apresentou uma composição isotópica mais enriquecida. As variações espaciais de δ18O e excesso de deutério, sugerem que houve trocas frequentes entre as águas subterrâneas e as águas superficiais. As chuvas e as águas do rio recarregam as águas subterrâneas durante a estação chuvosa, e as águas subterrâneas retornam ao rio durante a estação seca, especialmente nas regiões intermediárias. Esse processo provavelmente está relacionado ao represamento dos rios por grandes barragens. Por outro lado, os valores mais empobrecidos dos isótopos estáveis nas águas do rio, são condizentes com as inundações extremas ocasionadas pela Tempestade Tropical Sonca em julho de 2017. Este estudo contribui para uma melhor compreensão dos processos hidrológicos na bacia do Rio Mun, e fornece uma perspectiva sobre a aplicação dos isótopos estáveis a outras grandes bacias tropicais de monções ao redor do mundo.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers, the editor Rui Ma, and the associate editor Sebnem Arslan for their detailed comments and valuable suggestions, which greatly improved the manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge Man Liu, Chao Song, Qian Zhang, Xiaoqiang Li, and Aiguo Dong from China University of Geosciences, Beijing, for the sampling work. Also, the authors wish to thank Prof. Fairda Malem from the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment of Thailand for assistance in field sampling.
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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers 41661144029, 41325010].
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Yang, K., Han, G. Controls over hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of surface water and groundwater in the Mun River catchment, northeast Thailand: implications for the water cycle. Hydrogeol J 28, 1021–1036 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02106-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02106-9