Abstract
On the basis of a review of the Quaternary sedimentary architecture in the area of Hanoi city (Vietnam), a numerical, deterministic and three-dimensional groundwater flow model has been built for a simulation between 1995 and 2004. The sedimentary architecture has been constructed on the basis of the data from 32 drillings covering the entire Quaternary sequence (but with little sedimentological detail), as well as hydrographical and hydrogeological data. Both steady- and transient-state conditions were tested. Results calculated by the model seem to indicate that the conceptual hypotheses adopted are reasonable for the modelled domain and period. The simulation allows for calculation of the regional groundwater flow trends. It is also used for assessing the relative importance of the various recharge sources of the shallow aquifer system in Hanoi, and for estimating the interactions between groundwater and the Red River.
Résumé
Entre 1995 et 2004, l’examen de la disposition des sédiments quaternaires de la région de Hanoï-ville (Vietnam) a permis d’établir un modèle numérique, déterministe et tri-dimensionnel d’écoulement de nappe. Le modèle a été construit sur la base des données de 32 sondages recoupant l’entière séquence quaternaire (mais avec peu de détails sédimentologiques), et sur des données hydrographiques et hydrogéologiques. Les deux états permanent et transitoire ont été simulés. Les résultats fournis par le modèle semblent indiquer que les hypothèses conceptuelles adoptées sont raisonnables pour le domaine et la période considérés. La simulation montre les tendances de l’écoulement souterrain régional. Elle est aussi utilisée pour estimer l’importance relative des sources de recharge variées du système aquifère peu profond de Hanoï, ainsi que les interactions entre l’aquifère et le Fleuve Rouge.
Resumen
Se construyó un modelo numérico, determinístico y tridimensional para la simulación del flujo subterráneo entre 1995 y 2004 sobre la base de una revisión de la arquitectura sedimentaria del Cuaternario en el área de la ciudad de Hanoi (Vietnam). La arquitectura sedimantaria ha sido construida sobre la base de los datos de 32 perforaciones de la que cubren la secuencia cuaternaria en su totalidad (pero con poco detalle sedimentológico), así como datos hidrográficos e hidrogeológicos. Se testearon los estados estacionarios y transitorios. Los resultados calculados por el modelo parecen indicar que las hipótesis conceptuales adoptadas son razonables para el dominio y período modelados. La simulación permite el cálculo de las tendencias del flujo subterráneo regional. Esto es también usado para evaluar la importancia relativa de las distintas fuentes de recarga del sistema acuífero poco profundo en Hanoi, y para estimar las interacciones entre el agua subterránea y el Red River.
摘要
在评述越南河内地区第四系沉积结构的基础上, 建立了一个地下水流的确定性三维数值模型, 用于模拟1995至2004年的情况。沉积结构的建立系基于覆盖全部第四系层序 (但缺乏沉积学细节) 的32个钻孔的数据, 及水文和水文地质数据。考察了稳定和非稳定流情形。模拟计算结果表明, 概念假设适合于所模拟的区域和时段。该模拟使区域地下水流趋势的计算成为可能。并可用于评价河内浅层含水层系统的多种补给源的相对重要性及地下水与红河的相互作用。
Resumo
Com base numa revisão da arquitectura sedimentar do Quaternário na área da cidade de Hanói (Vietname), construiu-se um modelo numérico de escoamento subterrâneo, determinístico e tri-dimensional, para uma simulação entre 1995 e 2004. A arquitectura sedimentar foi construída com base nos dados de 32 sondagens que contemplam a totalidade da sequência do Quaternário (mas com pouco detalhe sedimentológico), assim como com base em dados hidrográficos e hidrogeológicos. Testaram-se condições de regime estacionário e transitório. Os resultados calculados pelo modelo parecem indicar que as condições conceptuais adoptadas são razoáveis para o domínio e período modelado. A simulação permite o cálculo das tendências de escoamento subterrâneo regional. Também é utilizada para avaliar a importância relativa das várias origens de recarga do sistema aquífero pouco profundo em Hanói, e para estimar as interacções entre as águas subterrâneas e o Rio Vermelho.
Tóm tắt
Trên cơ sở xem xét cấu trúc trầm tích ệ tứ ở Thành phố Hà Nội (Việt Nam), một mô hình số định lượng dòng chảy nước ngầm ba chiều đã được xây dựng để mô phỏng hệ thống nước ngầm trong giai đoạn 1995-2004. Cấu trúc trầm tích ệ tứ được xây dựng dựa trên cơ sở tài liệu của 32 lỗ khoan qua tất cả bề dày trầm tích ệ tứ (nhưng với rất ít mô tả chi tiết về thành phần thạch học) cũng như dựa trên các số liệu quan trắc mực nước và số liệu địa chất thuỷ vn. Cả hai trạng thái dòng chảy ổn định và dòng chảy biến thiên theo thời gian đều đã được mô hình hoá và thử nghiệm. Kết quả do mô hình tính được chỉ ra rằng những giả thiết có tính luận điểm áp dụng trong mô hình dường như là hợp lý đối với toàn bộ miền mô phỏng và khoảng thời gian tính toán. Việc mô phỏng hệ thống nước ngầm này cho phép tính toán hướng vận động nước ngầm trong vùng nghiên cứu. Nó cũng được sử dụng để đánh giá tầm quan trọng của các nguồn bổ cập khác nhau của các tầng chứa nước ngầm nông ở Hà Nội cũng như được sử dụng để đánh giá mối tương tác giữa nước ngầm và Sông Hồng.
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Acknowledgements
S. Jusseret and A. Dassargues should like to express their gratitude to V.T. Tam and N.X. Khien (RIGMR) for their hospitality and welcome during the three weeks spent by the first author in Hanoi in February 2006. C. Baeteman is also thanked for her precious help, essential to the construction of the sedimentological model. The authors also acknowledge R. Hanson, P. Renard, an associate editor and an anonymous reviewer for their comments which greatly improved this article. The RIGMR should also be thanked for having kindly made its database available. Without this availability, this work could not have been accomplished.
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Jusseret, S., Tam, V.T. & Dassargues, A. Groundwater flow modelling in the central zone of Hanoi, Vietnam. Hydrogeol J 17, 915–934 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0423-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0423-x