Abstract
The pantropical Caesalpinia group includes 225 species in 27 monophyletic genera, and the group has undergone recent phylogenetic, taxonomic and biogeographic revisions. Previous works have reported a diverse pattern of heterochromatin distribution related to ecological niche/geographic distribution, and variation in genome size also correlated with environmental variables. In order to investigate the relationship between cytogenetic and ecological traits using the Caesalpinia group as a model, new cytomolecular data (chromosome number and morphology, CMA/DAPI staining and number and position of 5S and 35S rDNA sites) for 14 species in six genera were generated. These data were analysed by phylogenetic comparative methods. All species studied have 2n = 24 (16 M/SM + 8A), and most of them just have one pair of 5S rDNA sites and two to five pairs of 35S rDNA sites. Three heterochromatic patterns were observed on the chromosomes: (i) proximal CMA+/DAPI− bands, (ii) proximal CMA0/DAPI− bands and (iii) proximal CMA0/DAPI0 bands. The “Coulteria + Tara” and “Arquita + Balsamocarpon + Erythrostemon + Pomaria” clades (except for E. gilliesii, E. hughesii and E. mexicanus) independently showed CMA0/DAPI− bands associated with larger genomes and geographic distributions at higher latitudes. We statistically demonstrate that heterochromatin (CMA/DAPI intensity along the chromosome), genome size and latitude are autocorrelated in the Caesalpinia group. On the other hand, we found a non-significant correlation between genome size and amount of heterochromatin. We argue that environmental factors associated with different latitude may have played a role in contributing to the diversification of the heterochromatin in Caesalpinia group.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the Brazilian agencies Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (FACEPE—APQ-0970-2.03/15) for financial support and a post-doc grant to G.S. by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES—Estágio Pós-Doutoral 88881.119479/2016–01). This study was partly financed by the CAPES (finance Code 001). G.S. receives a productivity fellowship from CNPq (process number PQ—310693/2018–7).
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YMS conducted the experiments and wrote the manuscript. LC contributed in bioinformatics analyses and manuscript revisions. EG, GPL and IJL provided the plant material, contributed to critical discussions, manuscript revisions and the correction of the English. GS conceived and designed the research, contributed to critical discussions and manuscript revisions.
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Online Resource 1. List of analysed species describing their chromosome number (CP), chromosome length (CL), standard deviation (SD), the ratio of chromosome arms (AR) and the CMA/DAPI intensity index (CDI index)
Online Resource 2. Scatterplots of independent contrasts between genome size and heterochromatin proportion in clade I (a), clade II (b) and the Caesalpinia group (c). Phylogeny includes species characterized in this study (black) and those obtained from Van-Lume et al. (2017) (grey).
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Mata-Sucre, Y., Costa, L., Gagnon, E. et al. Revisiting the cytomolecular evolution of the Caesalpinia group (Leguminosae): a broad sampling reveals new correlations between cytogenetic and environmental variables. Plant Syst Evol 306, 48 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01674-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01674-8