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Three years of bluetongue disease in central Europe with special reference to Germany: what lessons can be learned?

Drei Jahre Blauzungenkrankheit in Mitteleuropa mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Deutschlands: welche Lehren sind zu ziehen?

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Zusammenfassung

Mit wenigen Ausnahmen fanden Vektor-assoziierte Erkrankungen in Mittel- und Nordeuropa lange Zeit wenig Beachtung. Seit den Ausbrüchen der Blauzungenkrankheit (BTD) 2006 im westlichen Mitteleuropa und des Chikungunya-Fiebers 2007 in Italien hat sich diese Einstellung geändert. Eher als Folge der fortschreitenden Globalisierung als aufgrund von Klimaveränderungen ist mittlerweile auch Mittel- und Nordeuropa dem Risiko der Einschleppung und Etablierung von neuartigen Krankheitserregern und -überträgern ausgesetzt. Die BTD trat als erste 'exotische' Krankheit auf: sie breitete sich nicht langsam von Endemiegebieten her aus, sondern kam plötzlich über eine unbekannte Eintrittspforte. Obwohl einheimische Gnitzenarten schon zuvor in Südeuropa als Vektoren des Blauzungenvirus (BTV) verdächtigt wurden, hatte in Europa niemand ernsthaft mit einem Ausbruch der BTD nördlich der Verbreitungsgrenze von C. imicola gerechnet. Als die Seuche ausbrach, waren die zuständigen Behörden völlig unvorbereitet, zumal weder Daten über die mutmaßlichen Vektoren, noch Gnitzenspezialisten verfügbar waren. Nachdem im primären Ausbruchsgebiet Ende 2006 ca. 2000 Viehhaltungsbetriebe befallen waren, gelang es dem Virus offenbar zu überwintern und sich 2007 in alle Richtungen auszubreiten, was bis Frühjahr 2008 zu fast 60000 Ausbrüchen (betroffenen Betrieben) in zehn europäischen Staaten führte. Dann beginnende Impfkampagnen gegen den Virusserotyp 8 führten in der dritten Übertragungsperiode (Mai 2008 bis April 2009) zu einem signifikanten Rückgang in der Anzahl der betroffenen Bauernhöfe. Ab Mai 2009 wurden nur noch vergleichsweise wenige BTV-8-Fälle aus insgesamt sechs europäischen Ländern gemeldet. Während das weitere Schicksal von BTV-8 in Europa abzuwarten bleibt, scheint der Serotyp 1 nach Norden zu wandern. Im Jahr 2008 wurden Infektionen in etwa 4900 Betrieben Frankreichs festgestellt. Aus verschiedenen entomologischen Monitoring-Programmen inzwischen vorliegende Daten deuten auf Arten der C. obsoletus- und C. pulicaris-Komplexe sowie einige andere Ceratopogoniden-Arten als wahrscheinliche Vektoren des BTV in Mitteleuropa hin. Die aus der BTD-Epidemie zu ziehende Lehre ist einmal mehr, dass prophylaktische Maßnahmen langfristig besser sind als pure Reaktion, da jene die Reaktion beträchtlich unterstützen und erleichtern können: essenzielle Voraussetzungen für einen Schutz vor neu auftretenden Vektor-assoziierten Krankheiten bzw. den adäquaten Umgang mit ihnen sind die Überwachung der einheimischen Fauna hämatophager Arthropoden, die Identifizierung potenzieller Vektoren und Kenntnisse zu ihrer Biologie, die Ausbildung von medizinischen Entomologen und Vektorbiologen sowie eine bessere Kontrolle importierter Güter und Tiere auf Krankheitserreger und Überträgerarthropoden.

Summary

With few exceptions, vector-borne diseases have long been considered of minor importance in central and northern Europe. Since the advent of bluetongue disease (BTD) in 2006 and the 2007 chikungunya fever outbreak in Italy this attitude has changed. It is due to continuing globalization rather than to climate change that even central and northern Europe are at risk of new pathogens as well as vectors of disease entering and establishing. BTD was the first 'exotic' disease to arrive: it did not slowly spread northwards but jumped in through a still unknown entry point. Although indigenous Culicoides biting midge species had formerly been considered to be the vectors of the bluetongue virus (BTV) in the Mediterranean, nobody had expected BTD in more northern European areas free of C. imicola. When the disease broke out, the authorities were completely unprepared, particularly as neither data on the putative vectors nor biting midge specialists were available. Starting with about 2000 affected ruminant farming facilities in 2006 in the central western part of Europe, the virus managed to overwinter and spread in all directions in 2007, producing almost 60,000 outbreaks (farms affected) in ten European countries up to early 2008. At that time, vaccine administration against BTV serotype 8 was initiated, significantly decreasing the total number of holdings affected in the third transmission season (May 2008 to April 2009). From May 2009 onwards, relatively few cases of BTV-8 infections were notified in a total of only six European countries. Unfortunately, while the further fate of BTV-8 in Europe remains to be awaited, BTV-1 appears to be approaching from the south, with some 4900 outbreaks in France in 2008. Meanwhile, the results from various entomological monitoring projects have suggested biting midges of the C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris complexes as well as some other ceratopogonid species as the most likely BTV vectors in central Europe. The lesson to be learned from the BTD epidemic is once again that in the long term pro-action is better than mere reaction as it can considerably support and facilitate reaction: to avoid and manage outbreaks of emerging vector-borne diseases, essential prerequisites are to monitor the indigenous hematophagous arthropod fauna, to identify potential vectors and acquire knowledge on their biology, to educate medical entomologists and vector biologists, and to implement better control of imported goods and animals for pathogens and arthropod vectors.

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Kampen, H., Werner, D. Three years of bluetongue disease in central Europe with special reference to Germany: what lessons can be learned?. Wien Klin Wochenschr 122 (Suppl 3), 31–39 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-010-1435-9

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