Annelerin Kapsayıcı İşlev Düzeyi i le Çocukların Oyun Oynama Eğilimi v e Saldırganlık Yönelimi Arasındaki İlişki

Article Details This paper set out to explore the effect of the containing function of mothers (with 48-72 month-old children) on children’s tendency to aggressive behaviors and playfulness in 184 mother-child dyads from nursery classes in primary and secondary schools and from kindergartens. The data were collected using a correlational survey design. The levels of containing functions were measured with the Parent-Child Containing Function Scale (P CCFS) developed by Zabcı et al. (2018) , and children’s aggressive tendency was assessed using the Aggression Tendency Scale (ATS) developed by Kaynak et al. (2016). Developed by Barnett (1990) and adapted to Turkish culture by Keleş and Yurt (2017), the Children's Playfulness Scale (CPS) was employed to analyze children’s disposition to play. The analysis of the data was conducted using the software program SPSS 26 . The results of Pearson’s Correlational Analysis indicated no relationship between containing function levels of mothers and children’s playfulness. A remarkably significant negative correlation, however, was observed between containing function levels an d children’s aggressive impulses. Additionally, maternal education significantly affected their containing functions, and children’s aggressive tendency scores significantly predicted the containing function scores of mothers.


Introduction
Early childhood is the most critical period of human development.It is defined as a period in which an individual's life is shaped, personality and character differences emerge, and affect their later life (Tunçeli & Zembat, 2017).According to many theorists involved in development (Bandura, 1971;Bowlby, 1982;Bronfenbrenner, 1989;Erikson, 1950;Freud, 1905), the foundations of personality, character and temperament are laid in this period (Kapsiz & Karaca, 2018).During this period, it is the main duty and responsibility of the family, the immediate environment and society to be able to provide children with good living conditions and opportunities for their development, to protect and educate them, and to meet their needs (Öztürk, 2008).Freud (1905) specified that the first love the child feels is formed with the mother's breast, and the breast is an object to which the infant's internal impulses are directed to achieve satisfaction.Freud (1914) emphasized the importance of the caregiver in early childhood by suggesting that what the mother does later by kissing, smelling, comforting, and rocking her baby is something beyond oral love.Bowlby (1982) studied the attachment styles in mother-child relationships and concluded that the attachment style formed between mother and child shapes the relationships the child builds with other people s/he will encounter later in life.Proper and adequate care of the mother for her baby in the first two years following birth will allow the formation of a secure attachment and a healthy mother-child relationship in the future (Kapısız & Karaca, 2018).Bion (2015) discussed the healthy mother-child relationship in the theory of the Containing Function of the Mother.Bion (2015) called beta (β) elements the stimuli that children encounter and are exposed to in their external environment and cannot overcome.These elements, which the baby cannot cope with, are interpreted by the mother and transformed into alpha (α) elements.She gives these transformed sensations and feelings back to her baby.In this case, the mother becomes the container and the baby contained, and this function is called the mother's containing function.As the beta elements that the baby cannot cope with begin to turn into alpha elements, the baby's mind begins to function and develop creative thoughts, and so the formation of consciousness and unconsciousness occurs.The alpha function has a significant role in gradually removing thoughts from consciousness and transferring them to the unconscious.If beta elements cannot be pushed into the unconscious and are excessive, thought disorders might occur and the gained distinction between conscious and unconscious begins to disappear (Parman, 2003).Bion (2015) explained the function of alpha through toddlers.Alpha function plays a role in a child's ability to perform walking behavior.Once walking reaches up to the unconscious, the child realizes this experience without being aware of it.The higher the level of containing function, the more the child's development is supported in all areas (Padar, 2011).Accordingly, the containing function of the mother refers to the ability to respond sensitively and consistently to the emotional and physical needs of the child.
It has been argued that individuals who cannot build positive relationships with other people and face adjustment problems have negative experiences in their relationship with their mothers during childhood (Bowlby, 1982;Oktay, 2007;Polman el al., 2007;Webster-Stratton & Reid, 2004).Accordingly, if the primary caregiver has psychological and emotional problems, these cognitive and emotional problems will possibly affect the child, too (Brook et al., 2012).Turner and Sanders (2006) reported that informing and educating parents or primary caregivers on this issue plays a major role in preventing these negative effects.
Numerous studies have examined the relationship between parental attitudes and children's problem behaviors in early childhood (Brook et al., 2012;Parsak & Kuzucu, 2020;Turner & Sanders, 2006).For instance, the mental development of children who are physically punished is adversely affected, leading to aggressive and unsocial behaviors in children.Rejection and neglect are other negative attitudes that increase aggressive behavior in children.Children of authoritarian parents are likely to suffer from physical and verbal aggression, nailbiting, and withdrawal problems (Parsak & Kuzucu, 2020).
The ages of 0-2 years, defined as infancy, are the years when children undergo the most rapid mental, physical, psychological, and emotional development (Trawick-Smith, 2013).It will therefore not be enough to focus only on the physical needs during this period.Since their motor skills are not yet sufficiently developed, children appear to be dependent on their primary caregiver.The relationships established with this person during this period are critically important for the mental, emotional, and psychological development of children.Considering the physical and biological disabilities, it is inevitable for an infant to form a bond with the primary caregiver (Tüzün & Sayar, 2006).
Attachment is a concept used to express the helpful and positive communication that babies establish with their parents or caregivers.The first person newborns will turn to for social needs during the attachment period will be their caregiver, and this person is usually their mother.The mother can also be called the other with whom children satisfy their sense of attachment.This bond established between the mother and her baby in the early years plays a role in the formation of a significant part of the personality, and these acquired characteristics can resist change throughout life (Carver & Scheier, 1998).In this regard, Taşkın (1997) drew attention to the mother factor by suggesting that healthy mothers will raise healthy children and the society these children will create in the future will also be healthy.
The containing functions of mothers support the secure attachment of their children (Serbin & Karp, 2003;Van Ijzendoorn, 1992).Children who show secure attachment are generally expected to exhibit less aggressive behaviors.In addition, a containing mother can facilitate the emotional regulation of her child.It can be argued that emotionally balanced children can better control their aggressive tendencies.It can therefore be assumed that the mother's containing functions positively affect the child's level of aggression.Additionally, it can help children feel safe, thus allowing them to feel more comfortable exploring their environment and playing games.At this point, this research is important as it provides evidence for these assumptions.The present study seeks to explain the relationship between parental containing function and 48-72-month-old children's playfulness and aggressive tendencies.To date, a considerable amount of literature has been published on parental attitudes, yet little attention has been paid to the containing function of mothers.Therefore, our findings should make an important contribution to this field.
The primary aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between the containing function levels of mothers and 48-72-month-old children's playfulness and aggressive tendencies.In particular, we will examine six main research questions: 1. Is there a relationship between the containing function levels of mothers and their children's play tendencies? 2. Is there a relationship between the containing function levels of mothers and their children's aggressive tendencies?
3. Do the scores on children's play tendencies predict the scores on containing function levels of mothers? 4. Do the scores on children's aggressive tendencies predict the scores on containing function levels of mothers? 5. Do the containing function scores of mothers differ according to their educational background?6. Do containing function scores of mothers differ according to their employment status? 7. Is there a significant relationship between the containing function scores of mothers and their age?8.Is there a significant relationship between the containing function scores of mothers and the number of children?

Method
This chapter is concerned with research design, data collection tools, participants, and data analysis.This research is carried out with permission based on the decision numbered 01/15 and dated 05.01.2023 of the Non-invasive Research Ethics Committee of Selcuk University Faculty of Health Sciences.

Research Design
This research was undertaken to examine the relationship between the containing function of mothers (with 48-72 month-old children) and children's tendency to aggressive behaviors and playfulness.Given that, it was conducted based on a correlational survey design.Such designs attempt to describe a present or past situation in their existing condition (Karasar, 2002).

Participants
The sample included 184 children between the ages of 48-72 months and their mothers from Gaziantep.The sample size table determined by Krejcie and Morgan (1970) was used to calculate the sample size.The population was determined using the multistage sampling method in which the process is completed in two or more stages.Then, nursery classes in primary and secondary schools and kindergartens in Gaziantep were selected using the cluster sampling method on a group basis.In the second stage, 48-72 month-old children and their parents who agreed to participate in the study were selected using purposeful sampling.
In the outlier analysis performed to remove responses outside the acceptance range, the data of 25 mother-child dyads were excluded, leaving 149 dyads to analyze.Of the 48-72-month-old children who received pre-school education, 49% were girls and 51% were boys.21.5% of the children were four years old, 74.5% were five years old, and 4% were six years old.Nearly a third of the mothers (31.5%) were primary school graduates.21.5% were secondary and 26.2% were high school graduates.20.8% of the mothers had a bachelor's degree or higher.92.6% of the mothers were still married and 7.4% were divorced.The types of preschools children attended were: kindergartens (28.9%), nursery classes in a primary school (28.9%), and nursery classes in a secondary school (42.3%).

Data Collection Tools
Data about participants were collected with a demographic information form prepared by the researcher.Besides, three different scales were used to examine the play and aggressive tendencies of children and the containing functions of mothers.

Parent-Child Containing Functions Scale (CFS)
Developed by Zabcı et al. (2018), the CFS is a five-point Likert-type scale consisting of 48 items.It has five subscales aiming to measure the attitudes of parents while they raise their children.Scale items are rated as Never (1), Rarely (2), Sometimes (3), Frequently (4), Always (5).Responses to the scale items are summed and the score obtained gives the total score for the containing function.The lowest and the highest possible scores are 36 and 180 respectively.The subscales of the CFS are relationship with spouse, sensitivity to separation and anxiety, satisfaction focus, uncontained relationship, and strict-disciplinary relationship.High scores on the subscales indicate low containing function and high scores on relationship with spouse demonstrate positive relationships.Responses to the relationship with the spouse are calculated based on reverse coding.The results of the exploratory factor analysis conducted by the CFS developer gave the following item correlation values: between .66 and .44 for the sensitivity to separation and anxiety, between .76 and .34 for the relationship with the spouse, between .60 and .42 for the satisfaction focus, between .68 and 40 for the uncontained relationship, and between .53 and .34. for the strictdisciplinary relationship.Item correlations over .30 in all subscales seem to confirm the validity of the CFS.In the reliability analysis of the CFS, Cronbach's alpha was .81.For the present study, it was calculated to be .74.Both results indicate the reliability of the measurements.

Children's Playfulness Scale (CPS)
Developed by Barnett (1990) and adapted to Turkish culture by Keleş and Yurt (2017), the CPS is a five-point Likert-type scale with 23 items and five factors.These five factors are identified as cognitive spontaneity, physical spontaneity, social spontaneity, manifest joy, and sense of humor.The reliability of the scale was ensured with the Cronbach alpha coefficients which express the internal consistency.The alpha coefficients were consistently high for each factor: .88 for the physical spontaneity .88 for the social spontaneity, .80 for the cognitive spontaneity, .93 for the manifest joy, and .87 for the sense of humor.The alpha coefficient computed for the scale as a whole was .94. in the present study.This suggests that the measurements were reliable.Responses to the test items include the categories of "(1) does not sound at all like the child, (2) sounds a little like the child, (3) sounds somewhat like the child, (4) sounds a lot like the child, (5) sounds exactly like the child".The scores range between 23 and 115.

Aggression Tendency Scale for 48-72 Month-Old Children (ATS)
Developed by Kaynak et al. (2016), the ATS was employed to assess the aggressive tendencies in 48-72 month-old children.It is a seven-point Likert-type scale with 27 items and four subscales.The response "never does" corresponds to one point, "sometimes does" to four points, and "always does" to seven points.Parents can rate their child by giving seven different points.The minimum and maximum scores are 27 and 189 respectively.The subscales are termed as "Physical Aggression towards Others", "Relational Aggression towards Others", "Selfdirected Aggression", and "Aggression towards Items/Objects".In the exploratory factor analysis conducted during the development of the scale, it was seen that all item correlations were above .30.These results show that the validity of the scale is acceptable.Considering the results of the reliability analysis performed during the development of the original version, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .96.In the reliability analysis conducted for this research, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was computed to be .94.These results indicated that the measurements were reliable in the studies conducted.

Demographic Information Form
The demographic information about the participants was collected with a personal information form created by the researchers.This form sought answers to the questions about the age of mothers and children, the educational background of mothers, their employment and marital status, the number and the gender of children, and the type of schools children attended.

Data Analysis and Preliminary Analyses
The data collected from the participants were analyzed using the SPSS 26 package program.The answers outside the acceptance range (outside the -3 and +3 z scores) were eliminated in the outlier analysis.Of the 184 mother-child data sets, 25 were excluded from the analysis.Analysis continued with the remaining 149 data sets.Then, the distributions of the data sets were examined for normality.Whether the data sets were normally distributed or not was tested by looking at central tendency measures, kurtosis and skewness coefficients, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test results, and histogram.Parametric tests were applied to data sets showing normal distribution.Furthermore, a simple linear regression analysis was conducted to see whether the scores of aggressive tendencies predicted the containing functions of the mothers.

Findings
This part presents the results of the statistical tests obtained in the preliminary analyses.The purpose of the research is to examine the relationship between the containing functions of mothers and their children's playfulness and aggressive tendency behaviors.Findings related to the research questions under this main purpose have been presented.
The findings regarding the relationship between the containing function levels of mothers and children's play tendencies were presented in Table 1.Pearson's product-moment correlation analysis was carried out to find out whether the relationship between the scores of containing function and children's play tendency scores was significant.No significant relationship (r=.058, p=.480) was observed between the containing function total score and children's play tendencies.Nonetheless, a positive significant association (r=.224, p=.006) was found between the sensitivity to separation -anxiety and children's play tendency.In other words, as mothers' sensitivity to separation -anxiety scores increases, children's tendency to play also increases, as well.A significant negative correlation (r=.-241, p=.003) was found regarding the relationship between spouse and children's playfulness.As mothers' scores on the relationship with their spouses decrease, children's tendency to play increases.The healthier and stronger the relationship between motherfather contributes more to children's disposition to play.No significant relationship was observed between children's playfulness and the uncontained relationship (r=.115, p=.162), satisfaction focus (r=.076, p=.356), and strict-disciplinary relationship (r=.045, p=.589).
Findings related to the relationship between the containing function of mothers and children's aggressive tendencies were presented in Table 2. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was carried out to see whether there was a significant relationship between containing function scores and children's aggressive tendency scores.A positive significant correlation was found between the total score of containing functions and aggressive tendencies (r=.165, p=.045).As containing function scores increase, that is, as containing function levels decrease, children's aggressive tendencies increase, too.However, no significant association (r=-.025, p=.763) was observed between the relationship with the spouse and children's aggressive tendencies.A negative significant relationship (r=.-294, p=.000) was found between sensitivity to separation -anxiety and children's aggressive tendencies.Children are more likely to behave aggressively when mothers separate from their children without any concerns.Furthermore, there was a positive significant correlation between children's aggressive tendency and the uncontained relationship (r = .171,p = .037),satisfaction focus (r = .337,p = .000),and strict-disciplinary relationship (r = .511,p = .000).An increase in the scores on these subscales elevates children's aggressive tendency.
Simple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive power of children's playfulness scores on containing functions of mothers, and the results were shown in Table 3. Simple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine whether children's play tendencies predicted mothers' scores on containing functions.Results of the analysis indicated that children's playfulness did not significantly predict containing functions of mothers (r=.058, F (1,147) =0.502, p=.480).Once again, simple linear regression analysis was done to see whether children's aggressive tendencies predicted mothers' scores on containing functions, and the results were presented in Table 4. Pearson's product-moment correlation analysis was conducted for the relationship between the containing functions of mothers and their ages, and the findings were presented in Table 5. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was performed to determine whether there was a significant correlation between the containing functions and the ages of mothers.No significant relationship was found between the total containing functions score and age (r = .092,p = .266).Similarly, no significant relationship was observed for sensitivity to separation-anxiety (r=.055, p=.509), relationship with a spouse (r=.078, p=.347), and strict-disciplinary relationship (r=.076, p=.360).While the relationship between the uncontained relationship and age was negatively significant (r=-.293,p=.000), it was positively significant between satisfaction focus and age (r=.234, p=.004).In other words, while uncontained relationship scores decrease, satisfaction focus scores increase along with age.Accordingly, high scores on uncontained relationship suggest that young mothers cannot completely satisfy their children's needs.
Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was conducted for the relationship between the containing function scores of mothers and the number of children, and the findings were presented in Table 6.Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was performed to search for a significant correlation between the containing function scores and the number of children.The result of the analysis indicated no significant relationship between the total containing function scores and the number of children (r = .136,p = .098).No significant relationship was found for sensitivity to separation -anxiety (r=.157, p=.057), relationship with a spouse (r=-.124, p=.132), and uncontained relationship (r=-.091, p=.268).However, a significant positive correlation was observed between the satisfaction focus (r=.193, p=.019) and strictdisciplinary relationship (r=.167, p=.042) and the number of children.As the number of children increases, an increase occurs in the scores for the satisfaction focus and strict-disciplinary relationship, which suggests that mothers with multiple children become insensitive to the children's needs and wishes, and bend their rules showing more tolerance.
To test for differences in terms of maternal education, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out and the findings were given in Table 7. Concerning the sixth research question, an independent samples t-test was performed and the results were presented in Table 8.The independent samples t-test was used to see whether the containing functions of parents showed variance according to their employment status.The result indicated that the total containing function score differed significantly based on employment status, (t(147)=-3.260,p=.001).The scores of working parents are lower than those of non-working ones.Accordingly, working parents have higher levels of containing functions.Additionally, significant differences were found in favor of working parents in sensitivity to separation -anxiety (t(147)=-3.590,p=.000), and uncontained relationship (t(147)=-2.128,p=.035).

Discussion
In this part, the findings related to the main purpose and research questions are discussed and interpreted in line with the relevant literature.No significant relationship was observed between children's playfulness scores and the total containing function scores of the mothers, which indicates their lack of containing functions.However, a positive significant relationship was found between the sensitivity to separation -anxiety and children's playfulness scores.A significant and negative relationship was found between the relationship with spouse and children's play tendencies.In other words, when mothers can establish better communication with their spouses, their children are more able to participate in and maintain playing.No significant association was found between children's playfulness and uncontained relationship, satisfaction focus, and strict-disciplinary relationship.The present research is a pioneering one conducted in Turkey on this subject.In reviewing the literature, there are several studies examining the relationships between children's different developmental areas and skills and the containing functions of parents (Direk, 2021;Ogelman & Topaloğlu Çiftci, 2014;Yolcu & Akşamli, 2020;Zabcı & Erol, 2021).
However, the research to date has not focused on the relationship between children's disposition to play and containing functions of mothers.
Secondly, a positive significant association was found between the total scores of children on containing function and their aggressive tendency scores.It was observed that children's aggression levels went up along with the total containing function score, which indicates the mother's lack of containing function.In the literature, there are several studies with similar findings.Gülenay (2019) reported that the total containing function scores in mothers of children with conduct disorder were significantly higher than those of mothers with typically developing children.Gülkanat (2019) argued that children are more likely to display aggressive symptoms when their mothers physically interfere with them and cannot adequately perform their containing functions.Our findings are also supported by the study undertaken by Direk (2021) reporting that children behave less aggressively due to the increase in the containing functions of the mother.
No significant connection appeared between the relationship with the spouse and the children's aggressive tendencies.A study by Gülenay (2019) reached different conclusions, finding that the scores for the relationship with spouse among mothers of children with conduct disorder were significantly lower than the scores of mothers with typically developing children.Sezer's (2006) comparative study showed that negative relationships and arguments between parents with children showing symptoms of conduct disorder increase the level of aggressive behaviors in children.
A negative significant relationship was found between sensitivity to separation -anxiety and children's aggressive tendencies, which supports that children tend to show more aggressive behaviors when their mothers do not mind or worry about separating from them.A study by Gülenay (2019) found a positive relationship between sensitivity to separation -anxiety scores and the likelihood of exhibiting conduct disorder symptoms in children.Additionally, Berk (2013) argues that parenting behaviors that negatively affect moral internalization and self-control (such as withdrawal of love, the threat of using force, negative comments and emotions, physical punishment, and inconsistent discipline) are linked to aggression.Coleman and Karraker (1998) reported that low parental self-efficacy is related to problem behaviors in children, the perception of the child as problematic by the mother, and ineffective coping strategies in parenting roles.A study conducted by Glaser (2000) found that parents with a high perception of self-efficacy have healthier communication with their children and they can provide better childcare.These results are in agreement with our findings.
A positive significant relationship was found between children's aggressive tendency and the containing functions of uncontained relationship, satisfaction focus, and strict-disciplinary relationship.
Likewise, Gülenay (2019) found that mothers of children with conduct disorder had higher scores than those with normally developing children in the uncontained relationship.It was also observed that these mothers scored significantly higher than the mothers with typically developing children in the dimension of satisfaction focus, and the presence of conduct disorder in children was found to have a significant and positive relationship with the containing function scores of mothers in the strict-disciplinary relationship.
Thirdly, it was seen that play tendencies did not significantly predict containing functions of mothers, but aggressive tendency scores of children did.Another analysis found a negative and significant relationship between mothers' maternal education levels and containing function scores.In other words, higher education levels mean lower containing function scores but better containing functions.These findings accord with earlier observations in the literature.Direk (2021) concluded that the containing function levels of mothers differed in terms of their educational background, and high school graduates had lower scores than those with a master's/doctoral degree.In addition, the relationship with the spouse, sensitivity to separationanxiety, strict-disciplinary relationship, uncontained relationship, and satisfaction focus also differed according to the educational background of the mothers.Our study showed that primary school graduates received high scores on the sensitivity to separation -anxiety, whereas Yolcu and Düşünceli (2020) reported different findings that university graduates achieved higher scores on sensitivity to separation -anxiety.Another result we obtained was that the scores for the satisfaction focus were higher in high school graduates than in those with a master's/doctoral degree.It can therefore be suggested that higher levels of education increase the level of satisfaction focus.In contrast to Yolcu and Düşünceli (2020), we found that the level of 54 satisfaction focus among mothers with a primary school degree was lower than that of mothers with a master's degree.
The present study also found that the total scores for containing function differed significantly according to the employment status of mothers in favor of working parents.Similarly, Jackson and Scheines (2005) reported a relationship between employment status and selfefficacy perceptions in mothers, which supports our finding.In our study, no significant correlation was observed between the containing function of mothers and their age.Again, no significant association was found for sensitivity to separation -anxiety, relationship with spouse, and strict-disciplinary relationship.While there was a negative significant relationship between uncontained relationship and age, a positive significant relationship was found between satisfaction focus and age.As an example of evidence supporting these findings, Kadan (2010) reported that children's physical and verbal aggressive behavior increased as the education level of the mother and father decreased, and Şehirli's (2007) study showed lower educational status in mothers leads to increased maladaptive behaviors in children.In the study conducted by Gözükırmizi (2019), a statistically significant relationship was found between children's behaviors of anger, aggression, and maternal education levels.
No significant relationship was found between the containing function scores of mothers and the number of children.Likewise, there was no significant connection concerning sensitivity to separation -anxiety, relationship with spouse, and uncontained relationship.However, there were significant positive relationships between the number of children and the dimensions of satisfaction focus and strict-disciplinary relationship.It was seen that mothers with multiple children had higher scores on satisfaction focus and strict-disciplinary relationships.This shows that these mothers are likely to be insensitive to their children's wishes and display carefree attitudes while setting limits.

Conclusion and Suggestions
This part of the study includes the findings of the research and recommendations for future work.Carried out to determine to what extent containing functions of mothers affect children's aggressive impulses and play tendencies, the present study found that containing function levels had no effect on children's playing tendencies, but as expected, they were important and highly effective in children's display of aggressive behaviors.Additionally, the education level of the mother was seen to be quite decisive in the containing function.In light of this finding, it is very important to plan and organize education programs for mothers to ensure that they can learn how to improve their containment of children and to be aware of these characteristics.No significant relationship was found between the age and number of children and the overall containing function levels, but significant results were seen in the dimensions of the containing function scale.More research would help establish a greater degree of accuracy on this matter.Another significant result is that the containing function levels of working mothers are higher than those of non-working mothers.In addition, children's play tendencies did not significantly predict mothers' containing functions, but the scores of children's aggressive tendencies significantly predicted the scores for containing functions.We have not encountered any studies examining the relationship between playfulness and aggression, it is thought that including this correlation in future studies on similar subjects and also extending them to the paternal function will contribute to the literature.

Table 1
Relationship between Mother's Containing Functions and Children's Playfulness

Table 2
Relationship between Containing Functions of Mothers and Children's Aggressive Tendency

Table 4
Children's Aggressive Tendency Scores Predicting Mother's Containing Functions

Table 5
Relationship between Mother's Containing Functions and Their Age

Table 6
Relationship between Mother's Containing Function Scores and the Number of Children 3.145)=17.183,p=.000) also indicated variance in terms of the educational background of the mothers.Dunnett's C, one of the multiple comparisons (post-hoc) tests, was employed to reveal which category of the independent variable resulted from the variance.