Effect of Phosphorus and Organic Manure Levels on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa)

To evaluate the effects of phosphorus and organic matter on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tuberose cv. Double (Polianthes tuberosa L.) an the experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Center in Safiabad, in year 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons. It was a factorial laid out in randomized block design with 12 treatment combinations and 3 replications. The first factor was different levels of phosphorus; P1=0, P2=75, P3=150 and P4= 225 in kg P2O5 ha -1 from triple super phosphate and the second factor consisted of different levels of organic manure; OM1=0, OM2=20 and OM3=40 ton ha . Results showed that phosphorus fertilizer had significant (at the 5% level) effect on leaf phosphorus content and the best treatment was application of 75 kg P2O5 ha -1 but it had no significant effect on the other parameters. Effect organic manure on stem length was significant at 5% level (the best treatment was application of 20 ton organic manure ha -1 ) and its effects on leaf phosphorus and bulb weight were significant at 1% level so the best treatments were application of 20 and 40 ton organic manure ha, respectively. Interactive effects of phosphorus and organic manure were significant on some parameters. found, P4OM2 Original Research Article Mahmoodi nezhad and Isvandi; ARRB, 6(4): 270-277, 2015; Article no.ARRB.2015.085 271 treatment (225 kg P2O5 ha -1 and 20 ton organic matter ha) was the appropriate treatment for optimal growth of stem length, number of florets, P2OM2 treatment (75 kg P2O5 ha -1 and 20 ton organic matter ha) was the appropriate treatment for optimal growth of spike length and stem diameter. P3OM2 treatment (150 kg P2O5 ha -1 and 20 ton organic matter ha -1 ) was the appropriate treatment for optimal growth of number and weight of bulbs.

from triple super phosphate and the second factor consisted of different levels of organic manure; OM 1 =0, OM 2 =20 and OM 3 =40 ton ha -1 . Results showed that phosphorus fertilizer had significant (at the 5% level) effect on leaf phosphorus content and the best treatment was application of 75 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 but it had no significant effect on the other parameters. Effect organic manure on stem length was significant at 5% level (the best treatment was application of 20 ton organic manure ha -1 ) and its effects on leaf phosphorus and bulb weight were significant at 1% level so the best treatments were application of 20 and 40 ton organic manure ha -1 , respectively. Interactive effects of phosphorus and organic manure were significant on some parameters. found, P 4

OM 2
Original Research Article treatment (225 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and 20 ton organic matter ha -1 ) was the appropriate treatment for optimal growth of stem length, number of florets, P 2 OM 2 treatment (75 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and 20 ton organic matter ha -1 ) was the appropriate treatment for optimal growth of spike length and stem diameter. P 3 OM 2 treatment (150 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and 20 ton organic matter ha -1

INTRODUCTION
Tuberose (Polianthes tuberose L) is a perennial plant that belongs to the category of monocots. Hachinson [1] has placed the genus in the family of Agavaseh and has confirmed cytological examinations of this classification. This plant originates from Mexico and then reached Europe, but it is still unknown how and when it reached India and Sri Lanka and elsewhere in the East [1]. The experiment results of Malakuti & Hoayii [2] indicated that application of organic matter along with chemical fertilizers increased crop yield. Cirrito and Zizzo [3] reported more number of bulbs at low values of nitrogen and phosphorus and high level of potassium in tuberose. Also flowers that were produced from side bulbs was increased by high levels of phosphorous. Nethra et al. [4] reported highest vase-life in gladiola cut flowers is achieved with the application of 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost and 50% NPK while Paryban & Khader [5] reported effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on yield of tuberose and concluded that the fertilizers at a rate of 62.5:75:100 kg per hectare, resulted in the highest number of florets per spike and yield of the flowers. Half of nitrogen fertilizer at planting and the other 45 days later and all the phosphorus and potassium were used at planting. Barreto et al. [6] reported, that maximum yield of gerbera flowers, especially vase-life will be achieved with the application of vermicompost with cocopeat. Asrey et al. [7] reported, using of organic matter in gladiola caused to increases of vase-life cutting flowers, while Vetal et al. [8] found an increase of quantitative and qualitative characteristics in Lilium that obtained agrupit and vermicompost. Singh, during tests conducted in 2006 showed, better growth of florets in tuberose in 10 tons organic matter per hectare, 200 kg ha -1 nitrogen, 200 kg ha -1 phosphorus and 150 kg ha -1 potassium that led to maximum number of florets per spike and yield of the flower [9]. The survey was conducted in 2007 by Ranjan et al. [10] showed, that the maximum number of open florets per spike, the maximum absorption water and vase-life of tuberose in treatments of 5 tons per hectare of manure and 3 tons per hectare vermicompost and 100 g. kg -1 of Azotobacter onions. Patil et al. [11] reported that, N: P: K in amount of 200:50:50 kg ha -1 and 10-12.5 ton organic matter ha -1 led to the maximum absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by plants and soil makes maximum P 2 O 5 and K 2 0. In 2011, during tests of Mondal et al. [12] to examine the impact of chemical fertilizers with organic matters on the stem length and growing tuberose onions, they found that, NPK in amount of 400:200:300 kg ha -1 and 20 ton organic matter (cow) ha -1 is responsible for the greatest growth of the stem and bulbs. The research showed the best growth bulbs and stem length after manure was related to litter. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of phosphorus and organic manure on stem length, spike length, florets number, stem diameter, vase-life, number and weight of bulbs, leaf phosphorus and leaf OC to find the best treatment for this purpose.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out at research farm of Safiabad Agricultural Research Center in south -west of IRAN (32°16' N, 48°26'E) during two years (2011-2012). The design was a factorial arranged in randomized block design with 12 treatments and 3 replications. The first factor included different levels of phosphorus; P 1 =0, P 2 =75, P 3 =150, P 4 =225 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 from the triple super phosphate and the second factor included different levels of organic manure; OM 1 =0, OM 2 =20 and OM 3 =40 ton ha -1 sheep manure.
The interaction effects of phosphorus and organic manure has been shown in Table (1). The experiment plan has been shown in Table (2).
At the beginning of the project a combined soil sample (depth of 0-30 cm) was prepared and sent to the laboratory to determine the physicochemical properties of soil according to soil and water research institute recommendations [13]. Experimental plots with length and width of 1.5 meter and the distance between the plots was 50 cm. 100 kg Nitrogen ha -1 (in three equal installments: Planting, 45 and 60 days after planting) and 100 kg K 2 O ha -1 were distributed uniformly in all plots. Iron sequestrine one month after planting in the all plots were distributed at a rate of 4 kg per hectare. Tuberose bulbs with density of 36 bulbs per plot (with a distance of 25 cm) were planted. Double dwarf cultivar of tuberose bulbs, which have a relatively uniform size were used in the project. Weeding, hoeing, irrigation and spraying of insecticide were done whenever necessary throughout the course of investigation. Leaf analysis before flowering was performed on P and OC. 4 month after planting (In November and December), the desired traits such as stem length, spike length, number of florets per spike, stem diameter, vase life, number and weight of bulbs per plot were measured. For determination of vase-life, 4 flowers were selected in each treatment which had 2-3 open florets then the flowers placed in pots containing distilled water and in controlled conditions with 25°C temperature, 85-90% relative humidity and 12-hour light cycles where they were kept until florets faded. The stem diameter was measured by Digimatic Cliper 500-11 (average of three points of stem: Near the crown, middle and the lowest floret). The two years data were collected and analyzed by using of SAS statistical software and treatments were compared by Duncan's multiple rang test (P= .05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results showed that different levels of phosphorus and organic manure had a significant effect on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tuberose (Table 3). Differences in soil analysis, climate conditions and nutrient-containing bulbs be purchased in two years led to a significant effect of year on some parameters in this experiment (Table 3). Results in the Tables (3 to 6) show that different levels of phosphorus was not significant on stem length however, the maximum stem length is application of 225 kg P 2 O5 ha -1 . Levels of organic manure were significant on the mentioned parameter at the 5% level and the best treatment is application of 20 tons organic manure ha -1 . Interaction of phosphorus and organic manure (P×OM) were not significant on stem length, but the best treatment was P 4 OM 2 that its effect by 16.7% more than control treatment. As shown at Table (3), the effect of phosphorus, organic manure and interaction of phosphorus and organic manure (P×OM) were not significant on spike length. According to Table (6) it is considered the best treatment for spike length was P 2 OM 2 (31.78 cm), which is 5.6% more than control treatment. Table (3) shows the effect of phosphorus, organic manure, P×OM are not significant on number of florets, however the maximum number of florets treated with 225 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 (Table 4). Table (6) shows that, the best treatment for number of florets was P 4 OM 2 . According to Table (3) it could be found that effect of phosphorus, organic manure and P×OM were not significant on stem diameter. The highest stem diameter belonged to treatments P 3 OM 3 , P 2 OM 2 and P 4 OM 2 ( Table 6). Table (3) shows that the effect of phosphorus, organic matter and P×OM was not significant on vase-life. Table (6) shows that, the highest vaselife is related to treatments of P 1 OM 2 and P 4 OM 3 , that due to the principle of the fertilizer efficiency can be treated P 1 OM 2 (8.43 days) as the best treatment, that increased 9% compared to control. Table (3 to 5) shows, the effect of phosphorus, organic manure and P×OM were not significant on the number of bulbs in plot However, the highest number of bulbs is related to the treatment of 150 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and 20 tons organic manure ha -1 . According to Table (6) it could be found that the best treatment of bulbs in plot is P 3 OM 2 , that increased 19.7% more than control treatment. Findings in Tables (3 and 5) shows different levels of organic manure on the weight of bulbs in plot were significant at the 1% level and the best treatment organic manure is 20 tons per hectare, while the effect of phosphorus and P×OM were not significant on mentioned parameter. According to Table (6), it could be found that the best treatment is P 3 OM 2 that increased 29.7% more than control treatment. Results showed that treatments of phosphorus and organic manure had significant effect on leaf phosphorus but their interaction was not significant (Table 3). as the best treatment to achieve maximum leaf phosphorus. Table (5) shows, the highest leaf phosphorus can be obtained by application of 40 ton organic manure ha -1 . According to Table (6) can receive the best treatment was P 1 OM 3 that is on the same statistical level with P 2 OM 3 , P 3 OM 2 , P 4 OM 2 and P 4 OM 3 .  Table (3) shows that the effect of phosphorus, organic manure and P×OM were not significant on leaf OC. According to Table (6) it could be observed that, the highest percentage of leaf OC appointed to the treatments P 3 OM 3 , P 4 OM 2 and P 2 OM 3 . Increased organic manure could also increase leaf phosphorus by increasing the phosphorus solubility in soil (Table 5). Sharif et al (1974) the main role of animal manure as increases the solubility of phosphorus in the soil [14]. Malakuti and Homayii [2] showed, effect of organic manure on phosphorus uptake is due to production of CO 2 from the decomposition of this material, organic phosphorus compounds, reducing contact with the surface of iron oxides and aluminum phosphate, clay and calcium carbonate. Mohammadzadeh and Mivechi [15] reported with conducting a greenhouse experiment and to compare different methods of phosphorus fertilizer application that the combined use of animal manure and fertilizer phosphorus may lead to maximum increase of phosphorous availability in soil. As can be seen in Table (6), maximum stem length and floret number per spike belonged to treatment of P 4 OM 2 that it can be said percentage of leaf phosphorous and leaf OC before flowering was higher (Table 4 and 5), and probably is better balance of nutrients elements and plant nutrition in this treatment that makes the most of the parameters. The same table shows, the maximum stem diameter can be found in the treatment P 3 OM 3 had maximum percentage of OC in leaf before flowering, there are in the same treatments, a symbol is of relationship between stem diameter with leaf OC percentage and percentage of leaf nitrogen, likely. According to Table (6) it can be seen that the maximum number and weight of bulb in plot is placed in a treatment that is also the percentage of leaf phosphorus in level A. Finally, from these results it can be found that in treatments which had the maximum percentage of phosphorus and OC in leaf, they had relative maximum of the most parameters of measuring that regarding the effect of the phosphorus in the process of transfer of hydrocarbons in the cell, making ATP and chlorophyll in plants is not unexpected. Parmer [16] reported that, the increase of number of florets spike -1 was due to synthesis of amino acid and chlorophyll formation and better carbohydrates transformation which resulted into better growth and better length of rachis which had ultimately produced more number of florets per spike. Data showed (Table 4), the increasing use of large amount of phosphorus led to decrease in some parameters such as number and weight of bulbs in plot. Loue [17] reported, these results might be due to the interaction of phosphorus at high levels with number of nutrition elements. Banker [18] reported that nitrogen and phosphorus are essential for growth in tuberose. Mondal et al. [12] reported that, phosphorus (200 kg ha    In each column, means with same letters have no significant differences In each column, means with same letters have no significant differences In each column, means with same letters have no significant differences

CONCLUSION
Based on the results experiment, it can be found that phosphorus was significant (at the 5% level) on leaf phosphorus content and the best treatment is application of 75 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 . Effect organic manure on stem length was significant at 5% level (the best treatment is application of 20 ton organic manure ha -1 ) and on leaf phosphorus and bulb weight was significant at 1% level so the best treatments are application of 20 and 40 ton organic manure ha -1 , respectively. According to the main factors (phosphorus and organic manure) and the interaction of phosphorus and organic manure, the results show: P 4 OM 2 treatment (225 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and 20 ton organic manure ha -1 ) was the appropriate treatment for optimal growth of stem length, number of florets, P 2 OM 2 treatment (75 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and 20 ton organic manure ha -1 ) was the appropriate treatment for optimal growth of spike length and stem diameter, P 3 OM 2 treatment (150 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and 20 ton organic manure ha -1 ) was the appropriate treatment for optimal growth of number and weight of bulbs. They are beneficial for florists because can increase the quality and quantity of your products also reduce use of fertilizers (which unfortunately is very common in agriculture) and environmental pollution.