Orbital Compartment Syndrome: How a Young Man’s Vision was Saved by the Timely Actions of an Emergency Medicine Physician

In the following case presentation, a young man who incurred orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) from physical trauma significantly improved from timely lateral canthotomy. Lateral canthotomy is recommended to be performed as soon as possible to avoid permanent vision loss, which is the most feared complication associated with orbital compartment syndrome. This procedure completely restored vision in the patient and permitted prompt discharge.


Introduction
Orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) is an ophthalmic emergency that describes an increase in intraorbital volume and pressure, resulting in retinal ischemia [1,2]. Within two hours, patients may experience irreversible vision loss, unless the condition is quickly recognized and treated.
In situations of OCS, emergency physicians often do not have an ophthalmologist accessible to emergently treat patients [3]. To promptly treat this condition, lateral canthotomy is a relatively simple procedure that is recommended to prevent vision loss.

Case Presentation
A 32-year-old male presented to an outside emergency department (ED) one hour after being physically assaulted, suffering from multiple blows to his face. On our exam, the patient had significant right periorbital swelling with proptosis (Figures 1-2

FIGURE 2: Patient with eye propped open by examiner
Computer Tomography (CT) scan of the head, orbits, and maxillofacial bones were obtained which revealed right exophthalmos with intraorbital fat stranding and abnormal caliber and density of the optic nerve sheath ( Figure 3). The decision was made to transfer the patient to our facility for ophthalmology evaluation. Upon talking with the transferring physician, we learned that the patient had nearly complete loss of vision in the affected eye. Knowing that orbital compartment syndrome can cause permanent ischemic changes as quickly as within 60 minutes of onset, my attending physician requested that a lateral canthotomy procedure be performed prior to transfer. We were able to walk the transferring physician through the procedure (Figure 4). 2019

FIGURE 4: Technique for performing lateral canthotomy
A lateral canthal incision was made for lateral canthotomy ( Figure 5). On the following day, the patient had complete restoration of his vision and was discharged home with ophthalmology follow up. [3]

Discussion
Patients with orbital compartment syndrome may experience symptoms such as a sudden onset 2019  decrease in visual acuity associated with pain, proptosis, ophthalmoparesis, and a relative afferent pupillary defect [4].
The indications for performing a lateral canthotomy include: intraocular pressure greater than 40 cm H 2 O, trauma or orbital cellulitis with vision loss, and exophthalmos. From observing improvement in this patient's condition, it is emphasized that physicians should not wait for imaging to perform a lateral canthotomy, as permanent ischemic changes can occur within 60 minutes of onset.
The learning points are described as following: when performing a lateral canthotomy, start with the inferior canthal ligament; if this does not successfully reduce the proptosis then proceed with cutting the superior ligament as well. Repeat the intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement directly after the procedure.
In a sample of 190 emergency department physicians, 37.1% indicated they would comfortably perform a lateral canthotomy, while 95.7% recognized permanent vision loss as a potential consequence of orbital compartment syndrome [5]. This case aims to reaffirm the sight-saving impact and importance of a lateral canthotomy for OCS.

Conclusions
Orbital compartment syndrome is an ophthalmologic emergency that requires immediate identification and treatment. Delaying treatment beyond one hour can put the patient at critical risk of permanent vision loss. A relatively simple procedure such as lateral canthotomy should be strongly considered as soon as possible to improve patients' conditions.

Additional Information Disclosures
Human subjects: Consent was obtained by all participants in this study.

Conflicts of interest:
In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.