KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE (한국작물학회지)

The Korean Society of Crop Science (한국작물학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Azolla Incorporation During Paddy Cultivation on Weed Control, Nitrogen Supply and Rice Yield

물개구리밥(Azolla)이 논 잡초 발생, 질소공급 및 쌀 수량에 미치는 영향

  • Shin, Jong-Hee (Division of Crop Research, Gyeongsangbuk-do Provincial Agricultural Research and Extension Services) ;
  • Han, Chae-Min (Division of Crop Research, Gyeongsangbuk-do Provincial Agricultural Research and Extension Services) ;
  • Kwon, Jung-Bae (Division of Crop Research, Gyeongsangbuk-do Provincial Agricultural Research and Extension Services) ;
  • Won, Jong-Gun (Division of Crop Research, Gyeongsangbuk-do Provincial Agricultural Research and Extension Services)
  • 신종희 (경상북도농업기술원 작물연구과) ;
  • 한채민 (경상북도농업기술원 작물연구과) ;
  • 권중배 (경상북도농업기술원 작물연구과) ;
  • 원종건 (경상북도농업기술원 작물연구과)
  • Received : 2021.06.29
  • Accepted : 2021.09.29
  • Published : 2021.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Azolla is a genus of small aquatic ferns native to Asia, Africa, and America. Azolla is potentially significant as a nitrogen source in agriculture, particularly in conjunction with rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. In addition, Azolla may either control weeds or act as a weed depending on management; therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of Azolla incorporation on weed (e.g., Monochoria vaginalis, Rotala indica, Aeschynomene indica, and Cyperus amuricus) control and its other benefits during rice cultivation. The effects of Azolla on weed emergence were evaluated based on plot area coverage by the Azolla mat, which appears as a green sheet over water, and the rate of weed emergence in paddy field. Weed occurrence was investigated 40 days after Azolla inoculation. Soil samples from the experimental plots were collected following harvest in 2014-2015, and analyzed. Moreover, rice growth, yield, and grain quality were measured. Azolla suppressed weed growth by 72%. Azolla mat incorporation in rice fields suppressed weed growth by over 60%. In addition, Azolla promoted nitrogen fixation. Compared with nitrogen management using chemical fertilizers, Azolla incorporation showed the potential for various positive effects, including the improvement of soil fertility by increasing total nitrogen, and organic matter content. Rice grown with Azolla maintained its yield without additional herbicide treatment. Moreover, the palatability of cooked rice was better when grown with Azolla.

논에서 개구리밥의 수면피복은 잡초의 초종, 본수, 생체중의 감소로 잡초발생억제 효과가 있었다. 개구리밥 초종 중 물개구리밥(Azolla)을 처리한 경우 잡초 억제 효과와 더불어 제초하지 않음에도 수량성의 감소는 없었으며 이듬해 토양에 유기물 함량을 높임으로서 토양비옥도를 증진시키는 효과를 보인 것으로 판단되었다. 물개구리밥은 증식이 빠르고 벼 재배시 수량 증가, 암모니아 휘산 방지, 잡초억제 등의 효과가 있으며, 오염된 수질에서는 중금속 제거 효과도 뛰어나 녹비용 사료용 가치 등 농업적가치가 뛰어난 자원이다. 한국에서는 월동을 시켜야 하는 등의 일부 단점이 있긴 하지만 그 활용가치가 뛰어나고 관리가 용이 하므로 친환경 농업의 발전을 위하여 추가적인 연구와 현장 적용 시험이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.co.kr) for English language editing.

References

  1. Anonymous. 1975. Cultivation, propagation and utilization of Azolla, Institute of Soils and Fertilizers. Cheiang agriculture Academy. Cheiang.
  2. Arora, A. and P. K. Singh. 2003. Comparison of biomass productivity and nitrogen fixing potential of Azolla spp. Biomass Bioenergy. 24 : 175-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00133-2
  3. Baltazar, A. M. and S. K. De Data. 1992. Weed management in rice. Weed Abstr. 41 : 495-507.
  4. Bindhu, K. B. 2013. Effect of Azolla extract on growth performance of Pisum sativum. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 2(10) : 88-90.
  5. Biswas, M., S. P. Veen, H. Shimozawa, and N. Nakagoshi. 2005. Effects of Azolla species on weed emergence in a rice paddy ecosystem. Weed Biology and Management. 5 : 176-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00177.x
  6. Buckingham, K. W., S. W. Ela, J. G. Morris, and C. R. Goldman. 1978. Nutritive value of the nitrogen fixing aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 26 : 1230-1234. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60219a051
  7. Ferentinos, L., J. Smith, and H. Valenzuela. 2002. Green manure crops: Azolla, sustainable agriculture green manure crops. Aug. 2002. CTAHR-SA-GM-2.
  8. Han C. M., S. K. Kim, J. H. Shin, J. W. Kim, J. B. Kwon, and Y. S. Shin. 2019. Occurrence and distribution of ALS inhibition herbicide resistant paddy weeds by using soil assay in Gyeongsanbuk-do, Republic of Korea. Weed & Turfgrass Sci. 8(4) : 289-298.
  9. Han, G. S., H. J. Chung, Y. M. Lee, and J. H. Yoon. 2012. Quality characteristics of cooked rice with mixed cereals by blending ratio of the cereals frequently consumed in Korea. Kor. J. Community Living Sci. 23(4) : 587-552.
  10. Kropff, M. J. 1993. Eco-physiological models for crop-weed competition. In: Modelling crop-weed interactions (ed. by Kropff M. J. and H. H. X. Van Laar). Oxford University Press. the Philippines. p. 25-32.
  11. Kwon, O. D., H. G. Park, K. N. An, Y. Lee, and S. H. Shin. 2010. Weed control efficacy and injury of rice plant by golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in environment-friendly rice paddy fields. Kor. J. Weed Sci. 30(3) : 282-290. https://doi.org/10.5660/KJWS.2010.30.3.282
  12. Lee, T. B. 1979. Illustrated flora of Korea. Hyang Mun Sa. Seoul. Korea.
  13. Lee, C. H., S. B. He, Y. C. Lee, D. M. Oh, and S. H. Kim. 2004. (eds) Manuals for organic and eco-friendly farming. National Academy of Agricultural Science. Suwon. Korea.
  14. Liu, C. C. 1985. Reevaluation of Azolla utilization in agricultural production. Proceeding of the workship on Azolla use. China. p. 76-85.
  15. Liu, C. C. and W. W. Zheng. 1989. Azolla in China. Agriculture Publishing House. Beijing.
  16. Lumpkin, T. A. and D. L. Plucknett. 1980. Azolla: botany, physiology, and use as a green manure. Econ. Bot. 34 : 111-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858627
  17. Lumpkin, T. A. and D. L. Plucknett. 1982. Azolla as a green manure: use of management in crop 6. Moore, A. W. 1969. Azolla: biology and agronomic significance. Bot. Rev. 35 : 17-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02859886
  18. Mandal, B., P. L. G. Vlek, and L. N. Mandal. 1999. Beneficial effect of blue-green algae and Azolla, excluding supplying nitrogen, on wetland rice fields. Biol. Fertil. Soils 28 : 329-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740050501
  19. McConnachie, A. J., M. P. de Wit, M. P. Hill, and M. J. Byrne. 2003. Economic evaluation of the successful biological control of Azolla filiculoides in South Africa. Biol. Control 28 : 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00056-2
  20. Moody, K. and D. J. Janiya. 1992. The role of Azolla in weed control in rice, Philippine Journal of Weed Science 19 : 79-102.
  21. Moran, K., J. Backman, H. Brinkhuis, S. C. Clemens, T. Cronin, G. R. Dickens, F. Eynaud, J. Gattacceca, M. Jakobsson, R. W. Jordan, M. Kaminski, J. King, N. Koc, A. Krylov, N. Martinez, J. Matthiessen, D. McInroy, T. C. Moore, J. Onodera, M. O'Regan, H. Palike, B. Rea, D. Rio, T. Sakamoto, D. C. Smith, R. Stein, K. St John, I. Suto, N. Suzuki, K. Takahashi, M. Watanabe, M. Yamamoto, J. Farrell, M. Frank, P. Kubik, W. Jokat, and Y. Kristoffersen. 2006. The Cenozoic Palaeo environment of the Arctic Ocean. Nature. 441 : 601-605. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04800
  22. Ngo, G. D. 1973. The effect of Azolla pinnata R. Br. on rice growth. In. Biotrop Report-Second Indonesian Weed Science Conference, 2-5 April. Jogiakarta. Indonesia. No. 23.
  23. Pons, T. L. 1987. Growth rates and competitiveness to rice of some annual weed species. In: Studies on weeds and rice competition (ed. by Sorianegara I.). Biotrop. Bogor. Indonesia. p. 13-21.
  24. RDA. 2019. Development of soil fertility management technologies for stable rice product under conditions both of return or removal rice straw in paddy. Rural Development Administration. Jeonju, Korea.
  25. Satapathy, K. B. and P. K. Singh. 1985. Control of weeds by Azolla in rice. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 23 : 40-42.
  26. Singh, A. L. and P. K. Singh. 1987. Influence of Azolla management on the growth, yield of rice and soil fertility. II. N and P contents of plants and soil, Plant Soil 102 : 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02370899
  27. Singh, P. K., B. C. Panigrahi, and K. B. Satapathy. 1981. Comparative efficiency of Azolla, blue-green algae and other organic manures in relation to N and P availability in a flooded rice soil. Plant Soil 62 : 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02205023
  28. Smith, R. J. Jr. 1983. Weeds of major economic importance in rice and yield losses due to weed competition. In: Proceedings of the conference on weed control in rice (Manila, the Philippines). International Rice Research Institute. Manila. p. 19-36.
  29. Ventura, W. and I. Watanabe. 1993. Green manure production of Azolla mycrophylla and fertility. Biol. Fertil. Oils. 15 : 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00337207
  30. Watanabe, I. and C. V. Hove. 1996. Phylogenetic, molecular and breeding aspects of Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis. In: Pteridology in perspective (ed. by Camus J. M., M. Gibby, and R. J. Johns). Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew. p. 611-619.
  31. Zoschke, A. 1990. Yield loss in tropical rice as influenced by the competition of weed flora and the timing of its elimination. In: Pest management in rice (ed. by Grayson B. T., M. B. Green, and L. G. Coppomg). Elsevier Science. London. p. 301-313.