Molecular phylogenies confirm the presence of two cryptic Hemimycale species in the Mediterranean and reveal the polyphyly of the genera Crella and Hemimycale (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida)

Background Sponges are particularly prone to hiding cryptic species as their paradigmatic plasticity often favors species phenotypic convergence as a result of adaptation to similar habitat conditions. Hemimycale is a sponge genus (Family Hymedesmiidae, Order Poecilosclerida) with four formally described species, from which only Hemimycale columella has been recorded in the Atlanto-Mediterranean basin, on shallow to 80 m deep bottoms. Contrasting biological features between shallow and deep individuals of Hemimycale columella suggested larger genetic differences than those expected between sponge populations. To assess whether shallow and deep populations indeed belong to different species, we performed a phylogenetic study of Hemimycale columella across the Mediterranean. We also included other Hemimycale and Crella species from the Red Sea, with the additional aim of clarifying the relationships of the genus Hemimycale. Methods Hemimycale columella was sampled across the Mediterranean, and Adriatic Seas. Hemimycale arabica and Crella cyathophora were collected from the Red Sea and Pacific. From two to three specimens per species and locality were extracted, amplified for Cytochrome C Oxidase I (COI) (M1–M6 partition), 18S rRNA, and 28S (D3–D5 partition) and sequenced. Sequences were aligned using Clustal W v.1.81. Phylogenetic trees were constructed under neighbor joining (NJ), Bayesian inference (BI), and maximum likelihood (ML) criteria as implemented in Geneious software 9.01. Moreover, spicules of the target species were observed through a Scanning Electron microscope. Results The several phylogenetic reconstructions retrieved both Crella and Hemimycale polyphyletic. Strong differences in COI sequences indicated that C. cyathophora from the Red Sea might belong in a different genus, closer to Hemimycale arabica than to the Atlanto-Mediterranean Crella spp. Molecular and external morphological differences between Hemimycale arabica and the Atlanto-Mediterranean Hemimycale also suggest that Hemimycale arabica fit in a separate genus. On the other hand, the Atlanto-Mediterranean Crellidae appeared in 18S and 28S phylogenies as a sister group of the Atlanto-Mediterranean Hemimycale. Moreover, what was known up to now as Hemimycale columella, is formed by two cryptic species with contrasting bathymetric distributions. Some small but consistent morphological differences allow species distinction. Conclusions A new family (Hemimycalidae) including the genus Hemimycale and the two purported new genera receiving C. cyathophora and Hemimycale arabica might be proposed according to our phylogenetic results. However, the inclusion of additional Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTUs) appears convenient before taking definite taxonomical decisions. A new cryptic species (Hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov.) is described. Morphologically undifferentiated species with contrasting biological traits, as those here reported, confirm that unidentified cryptic species may confound ecological studies.


INTRODUCTION
The discovery of cryptic species is continuously improving our knowledge on real ecosystem biodiversity and functioning, which are intimately related (Frainer, McKie & Malmqvist, 2014). Unrecognized cryptic diversity may mask biological features such as divergent reproduction patterns, growth dynamics, and inter-species interactions, among others (Knowlton, 1993;Prada et al., 2014;de Meester et al., 2016;Loreau, 2004), which may confound conservation studies (Forsman et al., 2010) and obscure the introduction pathway of invasive species (Knapp et al., 2015).
Sponges are sessile, aquatic filter-feeders that are widespread across oceans, depths, and ecosystems , with so far 8,789 accepted species inventoried in 2016 (Van Soest et al., 2016) and ca. 29,000 predicted to be discovered in the forthcoming years (Hooper & Lévi, 1994;Appeltans et al., 2012), many of which remain currently hidden among supposed widespread morpho-species .
Many new cryptic sponge species have been discovered in the last decades thanks to the use of molecular markers (see  for a review until 2012, Knapp et al., 2011;de Paula et al., 2012). However, less often, molecularly discovered new species have also been described morphologically (but see C ardenas & Rapp, 2012;Reveillaud et al., 2011Reveillaud et al., , 2012, which is necessary if phylogeny is aimed to translate into taxonomy, and the new species are wanted to be considered in ecological studies. Sponge species can be both morphologically (e.g.,  and, more rarely, molecularly (with the markers used) cryptic (Carella et al., 2016;Vargas et al., 2016) but show contrasting biological features. For instance, Scopalina blanensis , which is sympatric with Scopalina lophyropoda, mainly grows in winter. Conversely, Scopalina lophyropoda regresses in winter and grows principally in summerautumn (Blanquer, Uriz & Agell, 2008), thus indicating temporal niche partition.
The Order Poecilosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) harbors the highest number of species within the Class Demospongiae (Systema Porifera) and it is far from being resolved from a phylogenetic point of view Thacker et al., 2013). Within Poecilosclerida, the Family Hymedesmiidae represents a hotchpotch where genera of dubious adscription have been placed (Van Soest, 2002). As expected, this family appeared clearly polyphyletic in a molecular phylogeny of the so-called G4 clade based on 28S rRNA gene .
Hemimycale harbors only four formally described species (Van Soest et al., 2016): the type species Hemimycale columella (Bowerbank, 1874), from Northwestern Atlantic and Mediterranean, Hemimycale rhodus (Hentchel, 1929) from the North Sea, Hemimycale arabica Illan et al., 2004 from the Red Sea and Hemimycale insularis Moraes, 2011 from Brazil. However, the simple spicule complement of the genus, which only consists of strongyles with some occasional styles, may propitiate the existence of morphologically (based on the spicules) cryptic species.
Hemimycale columella, the type species of Hemimycale, is widely distributed across the Atlanto-Mediterranean basin, from shallow (ca. 10 m) to deep (ca. 60 m) waters (Uriz, Rossell & Martín, 1992). Assays performed with eight microsatellite loci developed from deep specimens of Hemimycale columella (Gonz alez-Ramos, Agell & Uriz, 2015) failed to amplify a high percentage of the assayed individuals from a shallow population, which suggested larger genetic differences than those expected between intra-species sponge populations. Furthermore, the life cycle of species has been monitored in a shallow Northwestern Mediterranean population of what was thought to be Hemimycale columella (Pérez-Porro, Gonz alez & Uriz, 2012), where all individuals disappeared after larval release in early November and new individuals arose the forthcoming year but on different rocky sites, which pointed to annual mortality and subsequent recruitment from sexually produced propagula (settling larvae). Conversely, during a study of deeper populations of Hemimycale columella (Gonz alez-Ramos, Agell & Uriz, 2015), we recorded their survival for more than three years. Thus, shallow and deep populations of Hemimycale columella seemed to show contrasting life spans, which were thought to be a result of contrasting habitat characteristics. However, a 2-year monitoring of two, some km apart, populations (one deep and one shallow) and the main environmental factors at both locations, confirmed their contrasting life span and growth traits, as well as proved no correlation between biological features and environmental factors (M. J. Uriz, L. Garate & G. Agell, 2013, which rather pointed to population intrinsic (genetic) differences.
To assess whether these two population types with contrasting biological traits but without clearly distinct morphological characters belonged or not to different species, we performed a phylogenetic study of individuals considered as Hemimycale columella across the Mediterranean, using three molecular (nuclear and mitochondrial) gene partitions. We incorporated additional species to the analyses to gain knowledge on the relationships between Hemimycale species and other genera of families Hymedesmiidae and Crellidae.

Sampling
Fragments of what a priori was thought to be Hemimycale columella were collected by SCUBA diving across the Northwestern, central and eastern Mediterranean, and Adriatic Sea, between 12 and 45 m of depth during several campaigns (Coconet, Benthomics, and MarSymbiOmics projects) (Table 1). Moreover, fragments of Hemimycale arabica and Crella cyathophora from the Red Sea (Dedalos and Ephistone) and Pacific (Bempton Islands) between 5 and 20 m depth were also collected (Table 1). Individuals were photographed underwater before sampling. Collected fragments were divided into two pieces, one of them was preserved in 100% ethanol, and after three alcohol changes, kept at -20 C until DNA extraction; the other fragment was fixed in 5% formalin in seawater and preserved in 70% ethanol as a voucher for morphological and spicule studies. All vouchers have been deposited at the Sponge collection of the Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (numbers CEAB.POR.GEN.001 to CEAB.POR.GEN.029).

Sequence alignment and phylogenetic reconstructions
Sequences of COI, 28S, and 18S were aligned using Clustal W v.1.81, once their poriferan origin was verified using BLAST (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi), as implemented in Genieous 9.01 (Kearse et al., 2012). When sequences were identical, only one sequence per locality and species was included in the phylogenetic trees. After alignment, ambiguous regions were determined with Gblocks v.091 b software (Castresana, 2000), which removes from 1 to 4% of poorly aligned positions and divergent regions of an alignment of DNA. Representatives of family Hymedesmiidae (i.e., genera Phorbas and Hymedesmia) and Crambeidae (i.e., genera Crambe and Monanchora) were selected as outgroups. The inclusion of Crambeidae as an outgroup was decided because the species Hemimycale arabica had been reported to contain similar secondary metabolites (polycyclic guanidine alkaloids) to those of Crambe and Monanchora (Ilan et al. 2004). JModelTest 0.1.1 (Posada, 2008) was used to determine the best-fitting evolutionary model for each dataset. The model GTR + I + G was used for both mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Phylogenetic trees were constructed under neighbor joining (NJ) (default parameters), Bayesian inference (BI), and maximum likelihood (ML) using Geneious software 9.01 (Kearse et al., 2012). NJ generates unrooted minimum evolution trees (Gascuel & Steel, 2006). BI analyses were performed with MrBayes 3.2.1 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck, 2003). Four Markov Chains were run with one million generations sampled every 1,000 generations. The chains converged significantly and the average standard deviation of split frequencies was less than 0.01 at the end of the run. Early tree generations were discarded by default (25%) until the probabilities reached a stable plateau (burn-in) and the remaining trees were used to generate a 50% majority-rule consensus tree. ML analyses were executed with PhyML v3.0 program (Guindon & Gascuel, 2003;Guindon et al., 2005). The robustness of the tree clades was determined by a nonparametric bootstrap resampling with 1,000 replicates in PhyML. MrBayes and PhyML were downloaded by Genieous. Incongruence length difference (ILD) test (PAUP 4.0b10) was run (Swofford, 2002) to verify sequence homogeneity or incongruence between the 18S rRNA and COI markers and the 18S and 28S rRNA markers. The ILD test indicated no significant conflict (p = 0.93 and p = 0.91, respectively) between the marker pairs to be concatenated. Thus, concatenated 18S COI and 18S-28S rRNA datasets were constructed for the species with sequences available for both markers. The phylogeny on the three genes concatenated was not performed due to the few species/individuals for which the three genes were available.

Phenotypic characters
To assess whether molecular differences among the target populations and species (Hemimycale columella, Senso latus, Hemimycale arabica, and C. cyathophora) were supported by morphological and spicule traits, the target species were observed both in situ and on recently collected samples. Moreover, spicules of all the species were observed through light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) after removing the sponge organic matter from small (3 mm 3 ) pieces of each individual by boiling them in 85% Nitric acid in a Pyrex tube and then washed three times with distilled water and dehydrated with ethanol 96% (three changes). A drop of a spicule suspension in ethanol per individual was placed on 5 mm diameter stuffs, air dry, and gold-palladium metalized (Uriz, Turon & Mariani, 2008) in a Sputtering Quorum Q150RS. Observation was performed through a Hitachi M-3000 Scanning Electron Microscope at the Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes.
The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) will represent a published work according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix http://zoobank.org/. The LSID for this publication is: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:48910653-0343-4A8D-911F-3498A755F305. The online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: PeerJ, PubMed Central and CLOCKSS.
The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) will represent a published work according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone. In addition, new names contained in this work have been submitted to MycoBank from where they will be made available to the Global Names Index. The unique MycoBank number can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the MycoBank number contained in this publication to the prefix "http://www.mycobank.org/mb/283905". The online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: PeerJ, PubMed Central, and CLOCKSS.

18S rRNA phylogeny
The resulting phylogeny using the 18S rRNA partition on 25 sequences (17 new) of 695 nt. (46 variable positions, from which 38 were parsimony informative) was congruent under BI, and ML and just differed in the position of Hemimycale arabica which appeared as a sister group of the remaining Crella spp. and Hemimycale spp. under NJ (Fig. S1). The representatives of the family Crambeidae (Monanchora) appeared as outgroups and the genus Phorbas was a sister group of the remaining species. In the BI, NJ, and ML trees, the genera Hemimycale and Crella appeared polyphyletic, with the Red Sea species Hemimycale arabica and C. cyathophora, far away from the Atlanto-Mediterranean Hemimycale and Crella species. The Atlanto-Mediterranean Crella formed a wellsupported clade (1/81/98, posterior probability/bootstrapping values), which was the sister group of the Atlanto-Mediterranean Hemimycale (1/97/98). Moreover, the deep Hemimycale columella clustered with an Atlantic sequence downloaded from the GenBank (0.89/89/88) forming a separate clade from the also well-supported (1/97/98) group containing the shallow Mediterranean Hemimycale. No genetic differences for this partition were found among shallow individuals. In the BI and ML trees, the two individuals of Hemimycale arabica appeared in unresolved positions while they formed a poorly supported (75%) clade in the tree under the NJ criterion (not shown).
The resulting phylogenies were congruent with the three clustering criteria and matched in most cases the phylogeny based on the 18S rRNA partition, although the supporting values of some clades were in some cases slightly lower (Fig. S2).
The three phylogenies retrieved the representatives of Family Crambeidae (Monanchora and Crambe) as an outgroup. The monophyly of the in-group containing Crella spp. and Hemimycale spp. was strongly supported under the BI, NJ, and ML criteria (1/100/100). The genus Phorbas was a sister group of the remaining species considered. Crella was polyphyletic, with C. cyathophora separated from the well-supported clade (1/100/100) encompassing the Atlanto-Mediterranean Crella. The latter appeared as a sister clade of a poorly supported group (0.7/77/70) harboring C. cyathophora and Hemimycale spp. The Hemimycale spp. group, although monophyletic, was poorly supported under the NJ and ML criteria (77/70) while the Atlanto-Mediterranean Hemimycale clade was well supported under the three clustering criteria (1/92/95).
The deep and shallow Mediterranean populations of Hemimycale formed two wellsupported monophyletic groups (0.96/87/83 and 0.96/ 100/98, for deep and shallow individuals, respectively), the former containing the Atlantic sequence of Hemimycale columella. No genetic differences for this partition were retrieved for shallow individuals despite their spread distribution across the Mediterranean. The individuals of C. cyathophora from the Red Sea clustered with those from the Pacific collected between Australia and Nouvelle Caledonie (1/89/76).

COI phylogeny
The COI dataset included 21 sequences (15 new  The COI phylogeny, which was congruent under BI, NJ, and ML, also retrieved the representatives of Crambeidae as outgroups of the group formed by Crella, Phorbas, and Hemimycale. The genus Phorbas clustered with the Atlanto-Mediterranean Crella spp. (0.98/100/86) likely because we only included one individual/species of Phorbas (Fig. S3).
A clade containing Hemimycale spp. and C. cyathophora was well supported (0.94/94/80). The Hemimycale clade was divided into two subclades corresponding to deep and shallow individuals. No genetic differences among shallow individuals were found. A sister, well supported group (1/100/94) contained C. cyathophora and Hemimycale arabica representatives with almost no genetic differences between them (Fig. S3).

Concatenated trees
The concatenated 18S + 28S rRNA (Fig. 1) confirmed the outgroup position for the Crambeidae representative (Monanchora), the polyphyly of Crella with the Red Sea and Pacific species forming a separate clade (1/100/100) from the Atlanto-Mediterran Crella, which appeared in a non-resolved position. Hemimycale also appeared polyphyletic, but the position of Hemimycale arabica was unresolved. The Atlanto-Mediterranean Hemimycale clade was confirmed as well as its division into two subclades: one containing the deep Mediterranean individuals together with two Atlantic sequences of the species and the other one harboring the shallow Mediterranean individuals, which did not show any genetic difference across the Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea. The concatenated 18S rRNA + COI (Fig. 2) tree contained only 13 sequences and no representative of Crambeidae could be included. The representatives of the Atlanto-Mediterranean Crella appeared as outgroups of the remaining target species, which formed two well-supported clades: one containing C. cyathophora and Hemimycale arabica representatives (1/100/100) and the other with the Atlanto-Mediterranean Hemimycale (1/100/100) divided into two monophyletic well-supported groups (deep and shallow individuals).

DISCUSSION
The phylogenetic reconstructions performed with 18S, 28S rRNA and COI, as well as with concatenated genes (18S rRNA + COI and 18S + 28S rRNA) support the polyphyly of Crella and Hemimycale, under the three clustering criteria used. As although Hemimycale was monophyletic with the 28S rRNA (D3-D5) marker, the clade was not statistically supported.
Hemimycale arabica differs from the Atlanto-Mediterranean Hemimycale spp. in 1.43-1.86% with 18S rRNA, 1.78-2.19 with 28S rRNA, and in 8.38-8.64% with COI. These strong COI differences and the contrasting morphological traits (blue external color, irregular, rim-free, aerolate areas and abundance of true styles in Hemimycale arabica vs. orange-pinkish color, circular, rimmed aerolate areas, and slightly asymmetrical any strongyles almost exclusively in Hemimycale spp.) also indicate that Hemimycale arabica would belong in a different genus, which might also include C. cyathophora, as there are not COI differences between these two species.
Moreover, the Atlanto-Mediterranean Crellidae appeared in 18S and 28S rRNA phylogenies as a sister group of the Atlanto-Mediterranean Hemimycale, which suggests higher affinities of this genus with Crellidae than with Hymedesmiidae (its current family). However, more complete analyses including additional Crellidae and Hymedesmiidae OUT's are needed to move Hemimycale from Hymedesmiidae to Crellidae.
The phylogenetic trees with any of the three gene partitions either separately or concatenated confirm the presence of two cryptic Hemimycale species in the Mediterranean within what was considered until now Hemimycale columella. The new species that we name Hemimycale mediterranean sp. nov. (see description below) has a shallower distribution across the whole Mediterranean than Hemimycale columella, which has Atlantic affinities. Hemimycale columella differs from Hemimycale mediterranea in 0.85% (18S rRNA), 1.23% (28S rRNA), and in 1-1.2% (COI).
The lack of genetic diversity among the distant populations of Hemimycale mediterranea analyzed points to its recent presence in the Mediterranean, which is compatible with a recent introduction. However, the new species has not been recorded out of the Mediterranean, and thus, its origin cannot be established at the present time.
Many cryptic species that were revealed by molecular markers have never been formally described owing to the difficulty of finding diagnostic phenotypic characters. Although after exhaustive observation, only slight, morphological differences have been found to differentiate Hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov. from Hemimycale columella (see species description below), these phenotypic differences are consistent across individuals and thus, add to molecular differences and biological traits (L. Garate et al., 2013Garate et al., -2014 to consistently differentiate these two species.

Species description
Genus Hemimycale Burton, 1934 Sequence accession Numbers GenBank (Table 1) Type species Hemimycale columella (Bowerbank, 1874) Hemimycale is the only genus of Hymedesmiidae that has smooth diactines and monactines exclusively (Van Soest, 2002). The genus was described by Burton (1934) as "reduced Mycaleae with skeleton of loose fibers of styli, sometimes modified into anisostrongyles, running vertically to the surface; fibers tending to branch and anastomose; no special dermal skeleton, no microscleres." The spicule complement described by Burton; however, seems different from that reported in the several modern redescriptions of Hemimycale columella (Vacelet, Donadey & Froget, 1987), which report predominant straight anisostrongyles with rare or absent styles. Indeed, Burton stated that the Bowerbank representation of Hemimycale columella spicules was wrong because it figured anisostrongyles instead of styles, and was precisely the dominance of styles what induced Burton to place the species among the Mycaleae. The termination of the diactines either round or pointed ends may be the result of different silica concentration in the water masses, as reported for other siliceous sponge skeletons (Uriz, 2006), but it cannot be totally discarded that the Burton Hemimycale columella belonged in another Hemimycale species.
Skeletal arrangement: Plumose branching bundles of anysostrongyles together with spread spicules. A palisade of vertical anysotrongyles forms the rim around the inhaling areas.
Distribution: Northeastern Atlantic (United Kingdom and Ireland coasts) Canarias Islands (Cruz, 2002), western Mediterranean: Tossa de Mar, Arenys de Mar, from 28 to 60 m depth (this study). It is not possible to confirm whether previous Mediterranean records of the species (see Vacelet & Donadey, 1977) belonged to Hemimycale columella or to Hemimycale mediterranea.
Biology: Multiannual life span, ca. 60% survival after two monitoring years; maximum growth in autumn-winter (L. Garate et al., 2013Garate et al., -2014 Sequence accession numbers GenBank (Table 1) Description: Thick encrusting sponges with aerolate inhaling areas up to 3 mm in diameter, surrounded by an up to 1.5-2 mm high rim, which in some cases barely surpasses the sponge surface. Thousands of calcareous spherules, 1 mm in diameter formed by intracellular calcifying bacteria are spread through the sponge mesohyl and specially accumulated at the sponge periphery (Garate et al., in press).
Color: Flesh to clear brownish externally, more or less whitish depending on calcibacteria accumulation at the surface, sometimes partially covered by an epibiotic (reddish or pinkish) cyanobacteria.  (2002) based on the holotype (from the Atlantic) reported large aerolate porefields with elevated rims, which are shared with the deep Mediterranean specimens of Hemimycale columella (Figs. 3A-3D) in contrast to the small, short-rimmed porefields showed by Hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov. Both species have mainly straight slightly asymmetric strongyles but the spicule sizes are systematically larger in Hemimycale columella (Table 3). However, while styles were rarely present in Hemimycale columella individuals, they have not been found in specimens of Hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov. The external color also differs between the two species, being orange to pinkish in Hemimycale columella and flesh color to brownish Hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov. (Figs. 3E-3H). Vacelet & Donadey (1977) reported two different color forms occurring side by side on the littoral of Provence (France), one pink cream and the other one brownish. Likely the second color morph, which besides had smaller strongyles, corresponded to the Hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov.

Spicules (
Color has not received much attention as a diagnostic character in sponges because it has been generally considered to be a response to higher or lower light irradiance at the sponge habitat, or to the presence of epibiotic or symbiotic cyanobacteria. However, color has proven to be taxonomically relevant to distinguish other invertebrates such as shrimp species (Knowlton & Mills, 1992) and also sponge species of the genus Scopalina , and thus it seems worthy to be taken into account in sponge taxonomy.
The slight phenotypic differences found between the two species appear; however, consistent across individuals and localities within the Atlanto-Mediterranean basin. Moreover, their ecological distribution and bacterial symbionts, strongly differentiate these two cryptic species. For instance, although calcareous spherules produced by intracellular bacteria are present in the two species, the producer bacteria belong in different species (Garate et al., in press), and the respective microbial communities totally differ (Garate et al., in press). Symbionts, as predators do (e.g., Wulff, 2006), often distinguish their target sponge preys or hosts while the species remain morphologically cryptic to taxonomists. Moreover, Hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov. shows an annual life span, with individuals disappearing after larval release, while Hemimycale columella has a multiannual life span (M. J. Uriz, L. Garate & G. Agell, 2013 and growth dynamics also differs between the two species, as Hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov. grows more in summer, while Hemimycale columella grows preferentially in autumn-winter (M. J. Uriz, L. Garate & G. Agell, 2013. The contrasting ecological distribution of these two cryptic species in the Mediterranean helps to predict their identity in the field. Hemimycale mediterranean sp. nov. inhabits shallower zones than Hemimycale columella. However, it is likely that both species may share occasionally habitats, as the record of the two color morphs side by side (Vacelet & Donadey, 1977) indicate. Hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov. seems to be more abundant and widespread in the Mediterranean than Hemimycale columella. Molecular differences between groups of individuals of Hemimycale columella suggest the possible presence of additional cryptic species among the deep Mediterranean Hemimycale.
The presence of two morphologically cryptic Hemimycale species in the Mediterranean, which show contrasting biological traits, reinforces the idea that cryptic species represent something more than wrong taxonomic identifications or biodiversity underestimates. They may feature contrasting biological cycles and life spans, and puzzle biological studies, which may invalidate conservation policies based on those studies.