The Nonverbal means of Communication in Mongolian using the Word “Tolgoi (‘Head’ in English)”

One of the most important activities in which we engage, is communication. It plays a vital role in our lifestyles, careers and demeanors. This paper, which can be considered a continuation of early observations and then a study, touches upon the types of nonverbal means of communication in the modern Mongolian language, based on examples that have used the word “ tolgoi (‘head’ in English)” and cited modern Mongolian literature. In modern Mongolia, nonverbal means of communication have their own special types, forms and grammar, which all use real words and expressions related to Mongolian culture, customs and lifestyle. For this research paper, 23 nonverbal means of communication using the word tolgoi were recorded, and most of them expressed ignorance, sadness or regret, which indicated a negative attitude.


INTRODUCTION
C.S. Peirce (1839Peirce ( -1914)), known as a father of semiotics or sign language (henceforth, the nonverbal means of communication), first defined semiotics as a composition of relations between semiotics and signs, relations between sign semiotics and their meanings, and practical uses of semiotic signs during communication.Additionally, this nonverbal means of communication has been underlined by S. William (1965) as a composition of hand postures, hand movements, hand directions and their rhythms as well as facial appearances and body movements in their studies.
According to A.Mehrabian, 40-70% of communication is nonverbal; 7% of information is exchanged by words, 38% by speaking, and 55% by facial movements (Mehrabian 2009).The linguist L. Ballenger also noted that nonverbal means of communication include eye contact, facial movements, head movements, gestures, personal appearances, body movements, touching movements and sounds (see Sukhbaatar Ts, 1996).
In recent decades, nonverbal means of communication have been considered a straightforward and simple understanding between communicators and a concise and comprehensive statement of information or messages.Precisely, a communicator can feel the partner's positive and negative emotions, evaluations and attitudes through his or her facial movements, hand movements, tones of voice, body movements and posture.In other words, all of these are nonverbal means of communication that express comprehensive understanding without any words when communicators exchange their views and obtain more information.
This study focused on the meanings and structures, particularly the types of nonverbal means of communication in Mongolia, on the basis of some previous research materi-als and hundreds of examples using the word Tolgoi; these examples been collected from short stories by Mongolian writers.

BRIEF ABOUT NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
"The types of nonverbal communication are universal and can be classified into two sections: a. body language; and b. habit sign language" (Monkh-Amgalan 1999).
"Body language includes nonverbal means of communication, including gestures and facial movements, and semiotics, which express body posture and emotions" (Toyama 1994).
The different habits of each nationality in the world in the use of gestures depend on their personal characteristics, psychological specificities, emotions, lifestyles, and environments.In fact, facial movements completely express all kinds of emotions, such as happiness or excitement, sadness or sorrow, embarrassment or abashment, regretting or mourning, laugh or joking, anger or upset and admiration or satisfaction.For most nationalities, raising their thumb means "good", and moving their thumb and index finger in rounding tells "everything is good"; however, this gesture indicates "stupid or foolish" among the French.In contrast, Asian people do not prefer to use their hands or fingers during communication due to their cultural belief that touching someone's body or making gestures with their fingers is impolite and immoral.The Mongolians, like most nationalities, use a raised thumb to indicate "good"; however, they prohibit indicating toward someone with their index finger."The Japanese also forbid poking and indicating toward someone with the finger.Moving their finger around in a circle expresses meanings related to money for them" (Ikeda 1996).
The combination of the everyday and customary relationships of people as well as their demeanor, movement and morality is defined as a habit sign language.Generally, the relevant nationality's lifestyle, custom, religion, and material and spiritual cultures create their distinguished thinking, views and customs in conventional forms.One example is the sign that means "goodbye": the Russians move their hand after facing their palm out, and the Italians shake their hand in a back-and-forth direction after facing it towards themselves, while the English move only their hand in a horizontal direction (Sukhbaatar 1996).

Studies on Nonverbal means of Communication in Mongolian
For the Mongolian language, studies on nonverbal communication are in a rather early stage.Therefore, no monographs have been written, but a few research studies that are a component of the psycholinguistic area and research papers that have mainly focused on tentative observations as well as theoretical and methodological analysis have been published today.Some of them are chronologically identified here 1 : a component of research that studies sign language not as a form of acoustic phones but rather as a system of communication relying on signs that also uses nonverbal means of communication, such as eye contact, facial movements and head and body movements (Bayansan and Odontur 1995); a component of a study of rhetorical art that indicates the inclusion of appearance, manners of speaking, gestures, sounds and tones as forms of nonverbal communication commonly used (Sukhbaatar 1996); a research paper that describes nonverbal communication as a universal form of communication whose capacity is the same as that of verbal communication and classifies nonverbal communication as an efficient means of providing clear information on any signs and easily communicating with others (Monkh-Amgalan 2000 [1999]); a study on the symbolic meanings of gestures demonstrating that the gestures express some meanings, emotions and manners of the communicators by using any parts of their body and other tools, with some parts of the body and some tools, apart from words, being able to support the early level of semiotics and then create its symbolic meanings and propose that the symbolic meanings of the gesture can be classified into 4 types gestured by any parts of the body, tools, plants and animals (Dulam 2000); and a study concluding that language without words is described as a sign language but that there is a kind of sign language that uses some phones without distinguishing their meanings (Tudev 2003;Narantuya 2013).
According to our early observation of the types of nonverbal means of communication in Mongolian from some literature examples, as a basic source for this study, both the grammatical and lexical meanings of the nonverbal means of communication are simultaneously revealed during communication.For Mongolians, nonverbal means of communication are rarely used in their daily lives except to express how to make meanings clearer and emphasize what they want to convey, together with phonetic language, during communication.However, nonverbal means of communication, such as visual information or messages, can obviously impact relevant communication and can help directly reduce mental workload and the receipt of thoughtless information.

Structure of the Nonverbal means of Communication in Mongolian
Nonverbal means of communication are classified into the following two parts: unnatural sign and natural sign, which consists of a single-functioned sign and a double-functioned sign.This single-function sign can be distinguished by gestures, facial movements, body posture, facial muscle movements and psychophysiological features (Monkh-Amgalan 1999).
Similar to phonetic language, the two types of sign language-unnatural and natural signs-are synchronically and diachronically used in communication, respectively.The double-functioned sign is the combination of the phonetic and sign languages and has a main role in the exchange of information and engagement in any communication.
Additionally, the double-functioned sign can be divided into two subsections: parallel double-functioned sign and sequential double-functioned sign.
The first one is simultaneously revealed as space and time-one example is that a communicator nods while talking or he/she talks while nodding.This means that nonverbal means of communication have grammatical properties and types that perform a role in communicating.
The latter can consist of dually sequential double-functioned signs and triply sequential double-functioned signs as follows: According to our assumption, nonverbal means of communication are placed in presequential and postsequential positions.In this case, it can also be classified into two subsections, namely, dually sequential double-functioned sign and triply sequential double-functioned sign, regarding how many signs constitute the nonverbal means of communication, as shown in Table 1.

THE NONVERBAL MEANS OF COMMUNICATION IN MONGOLIAN USING THE WORD "TOLGOI ('HEAD' IN ENGLISH)"
In Mongolian, the word tolgoi expresses the following meanings: 1.A part of the human and animal body that is on the top of the neck and consists of the chin and skull; 2. Leader, head or the best; 3. The beginning or source of something; 4. The top or the upper part of something; 5. Hill or a higher area in a steppe; 6.A word counting people or animals; 7. Alliteration; 8. Capacity of thinking and imagining; and 9. Just before (Tsevel 1963).In accordance with this research, the meanings of the nonverbal means of communication using the word tolgoi (head) can be determined as follows:

Usage
This sign signals that the speaker accepts or agrees with his or her partner's view, aspiration and ambition, as in (1).
(1) Tiim baigaa biz, Sünrev guai?gej tüün rüü kharakhad tereer tolgoi dokhij duugüi suuna.(P.Kh) When he asked "It is true, isn't it, Mr Sünrev", and looked at him, he was sitting down with no words but only nodding.Similar to various greetings that all nationalities use when they communicate with each other, Mongolians have passed down the rich traditions and rituals of greetings.Namely, a younger person or a guest must greet older people or family members first, and he/she must especially perform the traditional Mongolian greeting (the younger person places his/her arms under the elder person's arms to respect him/her, and then the elder person kisses the younger person's cheek to express his or her gratitude for the younger person's respect) if they have not met each other yet since the new year (according to the lunar calendar).The most significant part of this kind of greeting is the bowing of the head 2 , which is the same as the Japanese custom of greeting and respecting others 3 .

TO SHAKE HEAD
Meanings a.To disagree, to deny Movements a.A movement of the head from left to right repeatedly.

Usage
This sign is universal and signals that the speaker does not accept or agree with his or her partner's view, aspiration and ambition, as in (2).
In the sphere of this study, 23 nonverbal means of communication using the word tolgoi were recorded, and their meanings are shown and explained in Table 2.
Then, these meanings can be classified through their movement directions, positive or negative emotions, roles in head movement and uses in real Mongolian words.
At first glance of the direction of head movement, which is a fundamental constituent of the nonverbal means of communication, there are 7 alternative directions, of which up and down as well as horizontal and round directions are dominant in Mongolian, as shown in Table 3.
According to Table 3, most (79%) of the nonverbal means of communication for human emotions express ignorance, sadness and regret, which indicate a negative attitude, as in (3).
(3) Khüü ni bagadaa aliv negend gomdood geriin khana shirten suudag shigee tolgoi unjuulan khölöö jiin suuv.(D.E) His son sat down with his head drooped, and his leg stretched out like in his childhood when he complained to somebody and sat down with his eyes staring at the wall.
In addition, some situations can change such negative signs into a positive attitude, such as contronyms.We mostly use the nonverbal means that express either positive or negative meanings, such as tolgoi mekhiikh 4 (to bow head), which means respect or reverence, as in (4), and tolgoi segsrekh (to shake head), which means refusal or disagreement, as in ( 5).
Moreover, a classification based on the roles of any other parts of body for nonverbal means of communication reveals that 85% of communication efforts are directly used in head movements, as in (6), while 15% are indirectly used together with the hands, as in ( 7). (
We have found the formation of some nonverbal means of communication in Mongolian to be quite interesting: tolgoi ganzagalakh and tolgoi sejikh are formed by some real words, such as ganzagalakh, as in ( 8), and sejikh, as in (9), while for tolgoi gedelzekh, as in (10), tolgoi dukhalzakh, as in ( 11), and tolgoi gijilzüülekh, as in ( 12), the roots of some words indicate any movements of the human body, such as gedelzekh, dukhalzakh and gijilzüülekh.
( Chimed observed Mönkh wagging his head and tut-tutted him in his heart, as he was surprised. As an example, the ganzagalakh in the tolgoi ganzagalakh is explained here.The root ganzaga (saddle-thongs in English) of this word (a verb) ganzagalakh expresses the following meanings: 1. a narrow leather strap, hanged down through both side-boards of saddle; and 2. a booty from hunting (figurative meaning) (Tsevel 1966).However, the verb to express sympathy to be sorry, or to regret Khünnügiin khüchirkheg Telengid aimgiin tergüün Zestelengi, tüünii daichin ers ta nart tuilaas ikh bayarlav geed türüülen odokhod kheden zuun daichin ers tolgoi gudailgan kharamsan khotsrov.(Ch. Kh) When he said, "Thank you all" to Zestelengi, the leader of powerful Telengid tribe, Khunnu and his bold soldiers and went before them, the hundreds of the soldiers were left, hanging their heads down.
.Terbeer bür sharilyn khajuud, olny dund tolgoi gudailgan zogsood, gashuudlyn üg kheljee.(Ch. Kh) The man hung his head down next to the body in the crowd and said a word of mourning.

Table 2. (Continued)
ganzagalakh means that the baggage is put over the back saddle-bow and strapped down by the narrow leather strap or the baggage is tied up merely through a side-board of the saddle (Tsevel 1966).Consequently, this has formed other real words and expressions, such as bogts ganzagalakh (which means that a bag is put over the side-board of the saddle and strapped down by the strap) and chödör ganzagalakh (which means that the nobble is tied up with the narrow leather strap of the saddle).However, the tolgoigoo ganzagalakh is used with the meaning that he/she lowers his/her head and is depressed; that is to say, he/she is discouraged when he/she is unlucky and comes back home with no hunting.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study on nonverbal means of communication describe their significance in communication.In modern Mongolia, nonverbal means of communication have their own special types, forms and grammar, which all use real words and expressions related to Mongolian culture, customs and lifestyle.One example of this is signs that involve head movements.For this research paper, 23 nonverbal means of communication using the word tolgoi were recorded, and most of them expressed ignorance, sadness or regret, which indicated a negative attitude.Additionally, we mostly use nonverbal means to express either positive or negative meanings, such as tolgoi mekhiikh (to bow one's head), which indicates respect or reverence, and tolgoi segsrekh (to shake one's head), which indicates refusal or disagreement.
In terms of the direction of head movements, which are a fundamental constituent of the nonverbal means of communication, there are 7 alternative directions; up and down, horizontal and round movements are dominant in Mongolian.Moreover, a classification based on the roles of any other parts of body in nonverbal means of communication reveals that 85% of communication efforts directly involve head movements, while 15% indirectly use the hands as well.
Additionally, some of them are formed by real Mongolian words, including ganzagalah (to tie up one's head (with one's hands)), sejikh (to toss one's head) and dukhalzakh (to nod one's head), which set the context for studying the different types of nonverbal communication, particularly forms of Mongolian sign language, in detail.

END NOTES
1.The studies named here use different terms even though they are directed toward nonverbal means of communication.2. The Mongolians nod and shake their hands when they meet and greet each other, even though the Mongolians believe that bowing and nodding their head before others shows unheroic, indecisive, tremulous, obsequious and officious manners.3. The Japanese people bow and especially nod their heads before others to show their respect.The degrees of bowing absolutely depend on the difference in the degree of showing their respect or expressing their gratitude.4. The Mongolians had followed the consideration that bowing and nodding their head before others show unheroic, indecisive, tremulous, obsequious and officious manners. 5. His nick name.
Khelne gevel khelee bilüüdekh, khiine gevel tolgoigoo barikh If you want to say something, speak cunningly, and if you want to do, catch your head.gijilzüüle-(to wag head) to be troubled, to be surprised, or to be in doubt Mönkh gaikhakhdaa tolgoigoo gijilzüülen dotroo shagshirch baigaag Chimed ajiglav.(J.B) Chimed observed Mönkh wagging his head and tut-tutted him in his heart, as he was surprised.

Table 1 .
The sign constitution of nonverbal communication SL, chikhen deer khaluun amisgaagaaraa töönön baij "Ene khün jiriin bishee" gej khenii ch olj medeegüi yumiig olood kharchikhsan yum shig tügshüürtei sejiglengüi shivegnev PL .(S.P) Togtokh nudged me with his elbow SL and whispered suspiciously PL , "This person is not normal," in my ears with his burning breath as if he had found out something that no one knew.PL gej Adair tolgoi dokhin SL zövshöörökhöd.(Sh.V) Aldar said, "Yes, yes PL ," and nodded his head SL , agreeing… PL tüüneesee ichin tongoiloo SL .(O.Ts) Gandolgor eyed SL him and said PL , "Please, prime minister, forgive pitiful me.I was told that Shanzav Badamdorj would take my fiancé as his bride under the order by Bogd.That's why I came here to meet you yesterday", and he was ashamed and lowered his head SL .2. Phonetic languageSign language Phonetic languageOlzod nüdneeseee nulims gartal ineej PL garaa savchij SL baisnaa bidontoi süüniikhee tag deer tsokhichikhood yoo yoo PL gej ori duu taviv.(J.B) Olzod laughed until his tears came out of his eyes PL and jiggled his arm SL but hit his hand on the lid of the milk jug and cried, "Yoo, yoo".
Bidnii khereg ünen zöv bolokhoor davj garna.Övgön ta ter üyed buural tolgoigoo shaana daa geed Dorj üdiin khird yavjee.(Ch.L) "We will overcome it all, because what we are doing is quite right.The old man will knock you in the head when the time comes," Dorj said and left at noon.His son sat down with his head drooped, and his leg stretched out like in his childhood when he complained to somebody and sat down with his eyes staring at the wall.

Table 3 .
Direction of head movement