Thermoelectric effect in kagome lattice enhanced at van Hove singularities

We have performed first-principles calculations using density functional theory on a kagome lattice model with a chiral spin state, as a representative example demonstrating significant longitudinal and transverse thermoelectric properties. The results revealed that the saddle-point-type van Hove singularity (VHS) enhances thermoelectric effects. The longitudinal thermoelectric conductivity $\alpha_{xx}$ was large at the chemical potentials tuned close to the band at the symmetry points, K (lower band edge), $\Gamma$ (upper band edge), and M (saddle point), where the VHSs of the density of states (DOS) were at the corresponding band energies. The transverse thermoelectric conductivity $\alpha_{xy}$ was large at the chemical potential of saddle-point-type VHS. A large anomalous Nernst coefficient of about 10 $\mu$V/K at 50 K was expected.


I. INTRODUCTION
The thermoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which a temperature gradient generates an electric field.Seebeck and Nernst effects are two types of thermoelectric effects in which the electric field is parallel and perpendicular to the temperature gradient, respectively.The proportionality coefficients between the temperature gradient ∇T and the electric field (E) are called the Seebeck coefficient (S) and the Nernst coefficient (N ) , respectively, and are defined as follows: where S 0 = α xx /σ xx , N 0 = α xy /σ xx , θ H = σ xy /σ xx , σ xx , σ xy , α xx , and α xy are the pure Seebeck coefficient, pure Nernst coefficient, Hall angle, electrical conductivity, Hall conductivity, longitudinal thermoelectric conductivity, and transverse thermoelectric conductivity, respectively [1,2].
We focused on the van Hove singularities (VHSs), which are the singularities of the DOS [5,6], as the origin of large values of S and N .The DOS is expressed as follows: as the integral over the isoenergetic surface A with energy ϵ in k-space.This equation shows that the DOS has singularities at the critical points satisfying ∇ k ϵ(k) = 0.These singularities are the VHSs.Near the VHSs, the energy ϵ can be expanded into a quadratic form as a function of the wavenumber vector k.We assumed that arXiv:2309.11728v2[cond-mat.mtrl-sci]13 Oct 2023 , where ϵ c is a constant and m x , m y , and m z are effective masses.In this case, the VHSs exist at k = 0.When the signs of this equation are all negative such as ϵ is a maximum at k = 0.Meanwhile, when the signs are all positive such as ϵ (X = S, Se, Te) [7], FeCl 2 [8], and Fe 3 GeTe 2 [9] have reported large Seebeck coefficients.Similarly, previous studies on 2D systems such as FeCl 2 [8], CrTe 2 [10], and Fe 3 GeTe 2 [9] have reported large anomalous Nernst coefficients.However, there have been no discussions regarding VHSs.Therefore, this study investigated VHSs as the origin of the enhancement in S and N .
This study showed that the saddle-point type VHS yields large thermoelectric coefficients.To investigate this, we performed first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) on the kagome lattice model with a chiral spin state.The effects of the DOS and Berry curvatures on α xx and α xy were investigated.Assuming a constant relaxation time, |α xx | was found to be the maximum at the saddle-point-type VHS.Moreover, upon assuming that the intrinsic contribution was dominant in the anomalous Hall conductivity σ xy , |α xy | was the largest at the saddle-point-type VHS.Therefore, the saddle-point-type VHS was found to yield large thermoelectric coefficients in 2D magnetic materials.

II. THEORY
Using the constant relaxation time approximation, the 2D electrical conductivity σ xx is given by [8,11]: The 2D anomalous Hall conductivity σ xy induced by the Berry curvature where u n (k) is the periodic part of the Bloch function [12,13].
The thermoelectric conductivity α ij is calculated from σ ij as follows (i, j = x or y) [1,2]: To understand the relationship between the DOS D(µ) and α ij , the Mott relation was used to express α ij in terms of D(µ) as follows (refer to Appendix A for the derivation): where k B is the Boltzmann constant.For 2D systems, since the DOS diverges at the saddle-point-type VHS [5,6] 6) and (7).

III. COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS
First, we performed first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) using OpenMX (version 3.9) [14][15][16][17] to obtain eigen-energy ϵ(k) and Bloch wave function ψ k .To calculate a chiral spin state, we used non-collinear DFT with two-component spinor wave functions for Kohn-Sham-Bloch orbitals [18,19].The Kohn-Sham equation for the electrons was solved by the self-consistent field (SCF) method.The exchangecorrelation potential was approximated by the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) method [20].In OpenMX, core electrons were replaced by pseudopotentials.We used pseudo atomic orbitals as the basis function of the wave function.In this study, we constructed a kagome lattice model with a chiral spin state using hydrogen atoms.Two s-orbitals and one p-orbital were prepared as s2p1.The cutoff radius was set to 6.0 Bohr.The SCF calculations were performed by discretizing the first Brillouin zone into a 30 × 30 × 1 mesh.Furthermore, the energy cutoff for the real-space numerical integrations and the solution of Poisson's equation was set to 210 Ry.
Next, the electrical conductivity σ xx and anomalous Hall conductivity σ xy were calculated using ϵ(k) and ψ k .In this calculation, we used the rigid band approximation, which assumes that the bands are invariant with respect to changes in chemical potential µ.For σ xx , we obtained the values by using the semiclassical Boltzmann equation based on the semiclassical theory using Wannier90 [21][22][23][24].In this case, For the relaxation time τ (k), we considered the constant relaxation time approximation, i.e., the energy-independent relaxation time τ .In this case, we set τ = 10 and 100 fs because of the relationship with σ xy (refer to Appendix C for details).The velocity v x (k) was obtained from the Wannier function, which is the complete set of orthogonal functions, and the Fourier transform of the Bloch function.We used Wan-nier90 [21][22][23][24] to construct maximally-localized Wannier functions (MLWFs) for the valence bands.Velocity v x was obtained from the Hamiltonian based on the ML-WFs.Moreover, σ xy was obtained from the Berry curvature, considering the case where the intrinsic contribution was dominant [25] (refer to Appendix C for details).The Berry curvature was calculated using the method proposed by Fukui, Hatsugai, and Suzuki [26].The method was implemented in OpenMX [27,28].The positions of the atoms were fixed.The unit cell vectors were a 1 = a 2 = 6.60 Å, and the angle between a 1 and a 2 was = 120 • .A slab model with a sufficient vacuum layer (a 3 = 100 Å) was used to eliminate the interactions between periodic images.To calculate the case of a chiral spin state with an azimuthal angle of 70 • , we used the penalty function [29] to fix the spin orientations.The fractional coordinates of the reciprocal lattice space corresponding to the Γ, M, and K points were (0, 0, 0), (1/2, 0, 0), and (1/3, 1/3, 0), respectively.In these coordinates, 2π/a is set to 1, where a is the length of the unit cell vector.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Electronic Structure Figure 1(a) shows the calculated valence band structure.Three valence bands were obtained as the number of electrons per unit cell was three.We considered holedoped cases with less than one hole.The Fermi level was within the bandwidth of the top band of the valence bands.The energy eigenvalues ϵ(k) are maximum, saddle point, and minimum at the Γ, M, and K points, respectively, as shown in Fig. 1(b).Figure 1(b) shows the distribution of energy eigenvalues in k-space.In the following text, the energies crossing the band at the Γ, M, and K points are denoted as E max , E s , and E min , respectively.Figure 1(c) shows that in the energy range E min < ϵ < E max , DOS D(ϵ) has three singularity points, i.e., the VHSs.The maximum, saddle, and minimumpoint-type VHSs are located at ϵ = E max , E s , and E min , respectively.As our calculated system was 2D, D(ϵ) was similar to a step function at ϵ = E min and E max .At ϵ = E s , D(ϵ) diverged [5,6].

B. Transport Properties
Figure 2(a) shows the chemical potential µ dependence (carrier-concentration dependence) of the electrical conductivity σ xx at 0 K.In this case, we approximated the relaxation time τ as a constant of 10 fs.Additionally, σ xx is calculated using Eq.(3).A large σ xx value was obtained at µ = −0.15eV.From Eq. (A5) in Appendix A, a large σ xx value is obtained when the product of D(µ) and v 2 x (µ) are large.Figure 1(c) shows that D(µ) peaks at µ = E s = −0.18eV.The difference between the position of the DOS peak and that of the σ xx maximum was attributed to the group velocity v x .
Figure 2(b) shows the chemical potential µ dependence of the anomalous Hall conductivity σ xy at 0 K.In this study, σ xy is calculated using Eq. ( 4), considering the case in which the intrinsic contribution is dominant.Hereafter, we consider this case.In this case, σ xy = −1 (e 2 /h) for µ < E min , σ xy = −0.5 (e 2 /h) for µ = E s , and σ xy = 0 (e 2 /h) for µ > E max .When one hole was doped, the quantized anomalous Hall conductivity σ xy = −1 (e 2 /h) was obtained.In addition, the Chern numbers for the bottom, middle, and top bands were −1, 0, and 1, respectively.This result is consistent with the model calculation reported by Ohgushi et al. [30].
To clarify the origin of σ xy , we calculated the Berry curvature of the top band of the valence bands.Figure 3(a) shows the Berry curvature Ω z (k) in k-space.Figure 3(b) shows the chemical-potential-dependent Berry curvature Ω z (µ) (refer to Eq. (A3) in Appendix A).From Fig. 3(a), Ω z (k) = 0 at the Γ point, and Ω z (k) is maximum at the K point.This is because the energy difference between the top and middle bands is large at the Γ point, whereas the energy difference is small at the K point, as shown in Fig. 1(a).From the relation between the energy difference and the magnitude of Berry curvature in Eq. (E1) in Appendix E, Ω z (k) was expected to be small at the Γ point and large at the K point.Figure 3(a) shows that Ω z (k) = 0 at the Γ point and Ω z (k) is maximum at the K point.Similarly, Fig. 3(b) shows that Ω z (µ) = 0 at µ = E max and Ω z (µ) is maximum at µ = E min .From µ = E min to E max , where Ω z (µ) was large, σ xy increased from −1 (e 2 /h) to 0 (e 2 /h).For µ < E min and µ > E max , where Ω z (µ) = 0 , σ xy was constant.This is consistent with Eq. (A2) in Appendix A, where σ xy is expressed in terms of D(µ) and Ω z (µ).were large, resulting in the largest |α xx | at 10 K.In contrast, for the maximum and minimum-point-type VHSs, the DOSs were similar to a step function.Therefore, |dD/dµ| was large at µ = E min and E max .Therefore, the |α xx | values were large at the VHSs.
We obtained large |α xx | values at the VHSs when the relaxation time τ was approximated as a constant.In the experimental studies on Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 1−x Y x Cu 2 O 8+y [31] and single-walled carbon nanotubes [32], the VHSs near the Fermi level were reported to enhance the Seebeck coefficients |S|.However, in a theoretical study on cuprate superconductors, using the energy ϵ dependent relaxation time τ (ϵ), |S| = 0 when the Fermi level was at the VHSs [33].These results indicate that the magnitude of |α xx | may depend on the energy-dependent relaxation time τ (ϵ) near the VHSs.Additionally, Eq. ( 4) reveals that the anomalous Hall conductivity σ xy originating from the Berry curvature is independent of τ .Therefore, there is no uncertainty in τ with respect to α xy .DOS and Berry curvatures that yielded large |α xy |.According to Eq. ( 7), both D(µ) and Ω z (µ) are important for the enhancement of α xy , as α xy is proportional to the product D(µ)Ω z (µ).To obtain large |α xy | in the range of 1.0-10 (µV/K) (e 2 /h) at 10 K, the product D(µ)Ω z (µ) must be in the range of 30-300 eV −1 Å2 , as π 2 ek 2 B /3ℏV was approximately 4.07 × 10 −3 (µV/K) (e 2 /h) (eV/ Å2 ) (1/K) in our case.Figure 2(d) shows that large |α xy | is obtained at µ = E min and E s .For µ = E min , the product D(µ)Ω z (µ) was 97.9 eV −1 Å2 , as D(E min ) was 5.47 eV −1 and Ω z (E min ) was 17.9 Å2 .For µ = E s , D(µ)Ω z (µ) was 189 eV −1 Å2 , as D(E s ) was 18.6 eV −1 and Ω z (E s ) was 10.2 Å2 .Although Ω z (µ) at µ = E s was approximately half the maximum in this band, D(µ) was the maximum resulting in large |α xy |.By contrast, at µ = E min , D(µ) was less than 1/3 of E s .As Ω z (µ) was maximum at E min , the product D(µ)Ω z (µ) was of the same order as that of E s .However, near µ = E max , D(µ)Ω z (µ) was 0 because Ω z (µ) = 0. Thus, the large |α xy | value originated from D(µ) was at µ = E s , whereas the magnitudes of α xy originated from Ω z (µ) were at µ = E min and E max .
Finally, we discussed the pure Nernst coefficient N 0 = α xy /σ xx .From Appendix C, for the saddle-point-type VHS (µ = E s ), the intrinsic contribution in σ xy was dominant when the relaxation time τ was in the range of 10-100 fs.Table I lists the values of σ xy , τ , σ xx , θ H , and N 0 for µ = E s .Additionally, τ was assumed to be a constant of 10 or 100 fs.For τ = 10 fs and T = 50 K, a large value of |N 0 | = 9.74 µV/K was obtained.In our calculated system, the bandwidth was 0.2 eV when the lattice constant was set to 6.6 Å.The bandwidths of FeCl 2 [8] and CrI 3 [34], which are 2D systems reported as realistic systems, are comparable to the bandwidth reported in the present study.Therefore, large |N 0 | can be obtained in 2D magnetic materials.Notably, a value of |N 0 | ≃ 6 µV/K at 50 K was obtained from the first-principles calculations for FeCl 2 [8].Furthermore, for the 3D systems Fe 3 Ga and Fe 3 Al, |N | values of approximately 1 µV/K were obtained experimentally at 50 K [35]; our |N 0 | results were approximately 10 times larger than the aforementioned value.We performed first-principles calculations based on DFT for a kagome lattice model with a chiral spin state, which is a typical model for a 2D magnetic system with a sizeable thermoelectric coefficient.First, the electronic structure was calculated; the density of states (DOS) analysis confirmed that maximum, minimum, and saddle-point-type van Hove singularities (VHSs) were present.We investigated the contributions of the VHSs to the thermoelectric coefficients.Large |α xx | were obtained for VHSs with constant relaxation time approximation.Large |α xy | were obtained at the VHSs at which the Berry curvatures were large.We derived an expression for the relationship between α ij and the DOS based on the Mott relation as shown in Eqs. ( 6) and ( 7).This expression shows that α xx is proportional the energy derivative of D(ϵ)v 2 x (ϵ).Similarly, α xy is proportional to D(ϵ)Ω z (ϵ).These expressions clearly explain α xx and α xy at the VHSs.
The saddle-point-type VHS is particularly essential for thermoelectric effects in 2D systems.The largest |α xy | was obtained at the chemical potential of the saddlepoint-type VHS.In our calculated system, large Nernst coefficients of 10 µV/K at 50 K can be expected.The divergence of the DOS at the saddle-point-type VHS in 2D systems is one of the origins of large |S| and |N |.Furthermore, 2D magnetic materials such as VSe 2 [36,37], Cr 3 Te 4 [38], CrTe [39], MnSe x [40], Fe 3 GaTe 2 [41], ε-Fe 2 O 3 [42], and CoFe 2 O 4 [43] are good candidates for thermoelectric devices.
where µ is the chemical potential.Changing the integrating variable in Eq. (A1) from k to ϵ yields where Ω z (ϵ) is defined as .
Differentiating both sides by µ results in Thus, the Berry curvature Ω z (µ) can be expressed by dσ xy /dµ as follows: At low temperatures, the Mott relation [44] is a good approximation, resulting in where k B is the Boltzmann constant.The Mott relation (Eq.(A4)) clearly indicates that α xy /T is constant regardless of temperature.Some experimental results have shown that α xy is proportional to −T at low temperatures and −T ln (T ) at high temperatures for Co 2 MnGa [45], Fe 3 X (X = Ga, Al) [35], and CoMnSb [46].Using the Mott relation (Eq.( A4)), at low temperatures, xy (µ, T ) can be expressed by D(µ)Ω(µ) as follows: With respect to σ xx , if the relaxation time τ is assumed to be constant, Eq. ( 3) can be expressed using D(µ) as follows: where v 2 x (ϵ) is defined as Differentiating both sides by µ results in By using the Mott relation (Eq.( A4)), at low temperatures, α xx (µ, T ) can be expressed using D(µ)v 2 x (µ) as follows:  shows that α xy /T was temperature dependent near the minimum-point-type VHS (E min ) and the saddle-pointtype VHS (E s ).Minami et al. [4] reported that at the VHSs derived from nodal lines, α xy /T is temperaturedependent.Although no nodal line exists in our system, we obtained similar results.Furthermore, α xx /T was found to be temperature-dependent at the VHSs.

Appendix C: Relaxation Time
Anomalous Hall conductivity σ xy has two types of origin contributions: extrinsic and intrinsic.The extrinsic contributions are the skew scattering [47,48] and the side jump [49,50], whereas the intrinsic contribution is the Berry curvature [12,13].The anomalous Hall conductivity σ xy produced by the skew scattering is proportional to the electrical conductivity σ xx .In contrast, σ xy produced by the side jump and Berry curvature is independent of σ xx .Therefore, if the sample is clean and the temperature is low (large relaxation time), the skew scattering contribution is dominant in σ xy [12,13].By contrast, if the sample is dirty and the temperature is high (small relaxation time), the contributions of the side jump and Berry curvature are dominant in σ xy [12,13].Onoda et al. [25] reported that in the moderately dirty regime with σ xx ∼ 3 × 10 3 -5 × 10 5 Ω −1 cm −1 , σ xy is almost constant with values of the order of 10 2 -10 3 Ω −1 cm −1 .
-0.6 In this case, intrinsic contribution to the anomalous Hall conductivity σ xy is dominant.
In our system, when the relaxation time τ was assumed to have constant values in the range τ = 10-100 fs, the intrinsic contribution dominated in the anomalous Hall conductivity σ xy .This case is consistent with the real system.As our calculated system was a monolayer, the thickness was considered to be 1 Å.In this case, at µ = E s , σ xy ≃ −2 × 10 3 Ω −1 cm −1 .We found that σ xx ≃ 1 × 10 4 Ω −1 cm −1 for τ = 10 fs, with the Hall angle θ H = σ xy /σ xx ≃ −0.2.Moreover, σ xx ≃ 1 × 10 5 Ω −1 cm −1 was obtained for τ =100 fs, where θ H ≃ −0.02.Therefore, for the present system, a relaxation time in the range of 10-100 fs was consistent with a realistic system in the moderately dirty regime in which the intrinsic contribution was dominant.The components of the Berry curvature Ω n,µν (k) can be written as a summation over the periodic part of Bloch states |u n (k)⟩ as follows [51,52]:  If all bands are separated at T = 0 K, the anomalous Hall conductivity σ xy is quantized by the Chern number ν n in the unit of e 2 /h [51,53].Furthermore, ν n is calculated by integrating the Berry curvature Ω n,z as fol-lows: 2π Ω n,z (k) [12,13], and ν n is always an integer.Therefore, the quantized anomalous Hall conductivity σ xy at T = 0 K is expressed as the sum of ν n as follows: Thus, VHSs are of three types: maximum, minimum, and saddle-point types.In two-dimensional (2D) systems, near the saddle-point-type VHS ϵ s , the DOS is expressed as follows: D(ϵ) ≃ −A √ mxmy π 2 ℏ 2 ln |ϵ − ϵ s | [5, 6], which shows that D(ϵ) diverges at ϵ = ϵ s .Thus, large |α xx | and |α xy | are expected at the saddle-pointtype VHS.Previous studies on 2D systems such as ReX 2

Figure D. 1 (
a) in Appendix D shows the kagome lattice composed of the hydrogen atoms used in this calculation.
Figure D.1(b) in Appendix D represents the k-space.The reciprocal lattice vectors were b 1 , b 2 , and b 3 .

Figure 2
Figure 2(c) shows the chemical potential µ dependence of the longitudinal thermoelectric conductivity α xx .Large |α xx | values were obtained at µ = E min , E s , and E max .According to Eq. (6), α xx is proportional to d dµ (D(µ)v 2 x (µ)) = dD dµ v 2 x + D dv 2 x dµ .As mentioned in Sect.I, at the saddle-point-type VHS, the DOS diverges in the 2D system.Therefore, at µ = E s , |D| and |dD/dµ|

FIG. 1 .
FIG. 1. (Color) (a) Band structure of the valence bands of the kagome lattice with a chiral spin state.The red circles represent the energies Emax, Es, and Emin at the Γ(0, 0, 0), M(1/2, 0, 0), and K(1/3, 1/3, 0) points, respectively.These points are expressed as fractional coordinates of the reciprocal lattice space with 2π/a as 1, where a is the length of the unit cell vector.We set Emax = 0 eV.In this case, Es = −0.181eV and Emin = −0.211eV.(b) Distribution of energy eigenvalues in k-space for the top band of the valence bands.The z-axis represents energy eigenvalues.The contours are drawn on a linear scale from Emin to −0.1 eV.The plotted energies increase from blue to red.Additionally, k1 and k2 are fractional coordinates of the reciprocal lattice space with 2π/a as 1.The line from the M point to the K point is the k-path of M-K in the band structure in (a).(c) Density of states of the top band of the valence bands.The maximum, saddle, and minimum-point-type VHSs are obtained at Emax, Es, and Emin, respectively.

Figure 2 (
d) shows the chemical potential µ dependence of α xy .The large |α xy | values were obtained at µ = E min and E s , where the VHSs and the Berry curvatures are large.First, we considered |α xy | at the saddle-point-type VHS (µ = E s ).From Eq. (7), at low temperatures, α xy is proportional to the product of D(µ) and Ω z (µ).As D(µ) diverged at µ = E s , the largest |α xy | was obtained at µ = E s .In addition, at µ = E min , Ω z (µ) was the largest.Therefore, a large |α xy | was obtained even at µ = E min .In contrast, α xy = 0 at µ = E max .This is because Ω z (µ) = 0 at µ = E max , as Ω z (k) = 0 at the Γ point.Therefore, the product of D(µ) and Ω z (µ) was 0, resulting in α xy = 0. Thus, the large α xy can be attributed to the VHSs and large Berry curvatures.More specifically, |α xy | was large at µ = E s and E min whereas |α xy |=0 at µ = E max .Large |α xy | were obtained at µ = E min and E s in our computed system.We examined the condition of the
Appendix B: Violation of the Mott Relation at the VHSs From the Mott relation (Eq.(A4)), α xx /T and α xy /T should be constant regardless of temperature.However, Fig. B.1(a) shows that α xx /T is dependent on the temperature at the VHSs (µ = E min , E s , and E max ), indicating the violation of the Mott relation.

FIG
FIG. B.1.(Color) (a) Chemical potential dependence of αxx/T at temperatures T = 10, 30, and 50 K.Here, αxx/T depends on the temperature near Emin, Es, and Emax, where the VHSs were observed.The temperature dependence of αxx/T is observed at Emin, Es, and Emax where the VHSs were observed.In other places, αxx/T is constant regardless of temperature.(b) Chemical potential dependence of αxy/T .For temperatures T = 10, 30, and 50 K, the values of αxx/T depend on the temperature at Emin and Es.In other places, αxy/T is constant regardless of temperature.

Figure D. 1
Figure D.1(a) is the computed model of the kagome lattice, and Fig. D.1(b) is the reciprocal lattice.
Appendix E: Berry Curvature and Chern Number

< l a t e x i t s h a 1 _ 1 < 2 < 3 <
b a s e 6 4 = " 2 l v + X Q w 4 m 7 A j S G P X O E + k V l 0 N g x c = " > A A A C i 3 i c h V G 7 S g N B F L 1 Z X z E a E 7 U R b I I h Y h V m N a g E i 6 A I l n m Y B y Q h 7 K 5 j H L I v d i e B G P I D l j Y W s V G w E D / A D 7 D x B y z y C W I Z w c b C u 5 s F 0 W C 8 y + y c O X P P n T N z Z V N l N i e k 7 x M m J q e m Z / y z g b n 5 4 E I o v L h U s I 2 m p d C 8 Y qi G V Z I l m 6 p M p 3 n O u E p L p k U l T V Z p U W 4 c O P v F F r V s Z u j H v G 3 S q i b V d X b K F I k j V a r I W k e q i d 1 a O E r i x I 3 I K B A 9 E A U v 0 k b 4 E S p w A g Y o 0 A Q N K O j A E a s g g Y 1 f G U Q g Y C J X h Q 5 y F i L m 7 l P o Q g C 1 T c y i m C E h2 8 B / H V d l j 9 V x 7 d S 0 X b W C p 6 g 4 L F R G I E Z e y D 0 Z k G f y Q F 7 J 5 5 + 1 O m 4 N x 0 s b Z 3 m o p W Y t d L G S + / h X p e H M 4 e x b N d Y z h 1 P Y d b 0 y 9 G 6 6 j H M L Z a h v n V 8 N c s l s r L N O b s k b + r 8 h f f K E N 9 B b 7 8 p d h m Z 7 Y / z I 6 A V f D B s k / m 7 H K C h s x s X t e C K T i K b 2 v V b 5 Y R X W Y A P 7 s Q M p O I I 0 5 N 0 + X E I P r o W g s C U k h b 1 h q u D z N M v w I 4 T D L 3 P F k t o = < / l a t e x i t > a l a t e x i t s h a 1 _ b a s e 6 4 = " n 3 z S m J C Z z D I n z q w 5 P I K M z 8 0G p d U = " > A A A C i 3 i c h V H L S s N A F L 2 N r 1 q t r b o R 3 B R L x V W Z 1 K J S X B R F c N m H f U B b S h K n d W h e J G mh h v 6 A S z c u 6 k b B h f g B f o A b f 8 B F P 0 F c V n D j w p s 0 I F q s N 0 z m z J l 7 7 p y Z K + o y M y 1 C B j 5 u a n p m d s 4 / H 1 h Y D C 6 F w ss r R V N r G x I t S J q s G W V R M K n M V F q w m C X T s m 5 Q Q R F l W h J b h 8 5 + q U M N k 2 n q i d X V a U 0 R m i p r M E m w k C p X Rc U W 6 o l e P R w l c e J G Z B z w H o i C F x k t / A h V O A U N J G i D A h R U s B D L I I C J X w V 4 I K A j V w M b O Q M R c / c p 9 C C A 2 j Z m U c w Q k G 3 h v 4 m r i s e q u H Z q m q 5 a w l N k H A Y q I x A j L + S e D M k z e S C v 5 P P P W r Z b w / H S x V k c a a l e D 1 2 s 5 T / + V S k 4 W 3 D 2 r Z r o 2 Y I G 7 L l e G X r X X c a 5 h T T S d 8 6 v h v l U L m Z v k l v y h v 5 v y I A 8 4 Q 3 U z r t 0 l 6 W 5 / g Q / I n r B F 8 M G 8 b / b M Q 6 K i T i / E 0 9 m k 9 H 0 g d c q P 6 z D B m x h P 3 Y h D c e Q g Y L b h 0 v o w z U X 5 L a 5 F L c / S u V 8 n m Y V f g R 3 9 A V 1 5 p L b < / l a t e x i t > a l a t e x i t s h a 1 _ b a s e 6 4 = " B M I s E 3 4 w 6 4 y G y M w T m A B X j Q 1 k R u 0 = " > A A A C i 3 i c h V H L S s N A F L 2 N r 1 q t r b o R 3 B R L x V W Z 2 K J S X B R F c N m H f U B b S h K n d W h e J G m h h v 6 A S z c u 6 k b B h f g B f o A b f 8 B F P 0 F c V n D j w p s 0 I F q s N 0 z m z J l 7 7 p y Z K + o y M y 1 C B j 5 u a n p m d s 4 / H 1 h Y D C 6 F w s s r R V N r G x I t S J q sG W V R M K n M V F q w m C X T s m 5 Q Q R F l W h J b h 8 5 + q U M N k 2 n q i d X V a U 0 R m i p r M E m w k C p X Rc U W 6 o l e P R w l c e J G Z B z w H o i C F x k t / A h V O A U N J G i D A h R U s B D L I I C J X w V 4 I K A j V w M b O Q M R c / c p 9 C C A 2 j Z m U c w Q k G 3 h v 4 m r i s e q u H Z q m q 5 a w l N k H A Y q I x A j L + S e D M k z e S C v 5 P P P W r Z b w / H S x V k c a a l e D 1 2 s 5 T / + V S k 4 W 3 D 2 r Z r o 2 Y I G 7 L l e G X r X X c a 5 h T T S d 8 6 v h v l U L m Z v k l v y h v 5 v y I A 8 4 Q 3 U z r t 0 l 6 W 5 / g Q / I n r B F 8 M G 8 b / b M Q 6 K 2 3 F + J 5 7 M J q P p A 6 9 V f l i H D d j C f u x C G o 4 h A w W 3 D 5 f Q h 2 s u y C W 4 F L c / S u V 8 n m Y V f g R 3 9 A V 4 B 5 L c < / l a t e x i t > a l a t e x i t s h a 1 _ b a s e 6 4 = " f t 3 x N 2 Y d 4 Z i m L X 6 u e x J l 1 O N c z p Y = " > A A A C i 3 i c h V H L S s N A F L 2 N r 1 q t r b o R 3 B R L x V W Z 2 K J S X B R F c N m H f U B b S i Z O a 2 h e J G m h h v 6 A S z c u 6 k b B h f g B f o A b f 8 B F P 0 F c V n D j w p s 0 I F q s N 0 z m z J l 7 7 p y Z S 3 V Z M i 1 C B j 5 u a n p m d s 4 / H 1 h Y D C 6 F w s s r R V N r G y I r i J q s
, |D(µ)| and |dD(µ)/dµ| are large.Therefore, large |α xx | and |α xy | are expected.At the VHSs, the Mott relation is violated for |α xx | and |α xy | (refer to Appendix B for more details).However, the tendency in the chemicalpotential dependence of the |α xx | and |α xy | at the VHSs can be explained by Eqs. (