Generation of monoclonal antibodies against n-3 fatty acid desaturase

Dear Editor: 
 
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are essential fatty acids for normal cellular functions and have been used for prevention and treatment of many diseases, including coronary heart disease, diabetes, and cancers[1-3]. n-3 PUFAs and n-6 PUFAs have been shown to decrease and increase the severity of several human diseases, respectively[4]. Unfortunately, mammals have no enzymes to synthesize n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. Therefore, they must rely on a dietary supply. Today, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs has reached to an unhealthy 20-30:1 due to people taking n-6 rich diet and eating less sea fish. Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans fat-1 gene encodes an n-3 desaturase that introduces a double bond at n-3 position of n-6 fatty acids to form n-3 fatty acids[5]. Several fat-1 transgenic mammals (including mouse, pig and cow) have been produced in which n-3 PUFAs were increased and n-6 PUFAs were reduced, resulting in a significant reduction of n-6/n-3 ratio in those transgenic animals[6-8]. However, due to lack of commercially available FAT-1 antibody, FAT-1 expression is indirectly determined by measurement of FAT-1 activity including increase of n-3 PUFAs and decrease of n-6/n-3 ratio in animals. In this study, we used recombinant FAT-1 to immunize mice and to generate FAT-1 specific monoclonal antibody. Then, FAT-1 monoclonal antibodies were used to detect FAT-1 protein in tissue samples of the liver, lung, kidney, heart, brain, and spleen of fat-1 transgenic mice by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining assays. 
 
Escherichia (E.) coli expression system allows rapid and economical production of recombinant FAT-1 protein. To express C. elegans fat-1 gene in E. coli efficiently, we optimized the codons of the full-length C. elegans fat-1 gene sequence using GeneArt® Gene Synthesis (GeneArt, Regensburg, Germany) followed by subcloning into the expression vector pCold II. The recombinant FAT-1 protein was purified by HisTrap FF affinity chromatography column (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA) and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie brilliant blue staining (Fig. 1A), which showed a protein band of approximately 46 kDa in size, corresponding to the known molecular weight of FAT-1[5]. The identity of the FAT-1 recombinant protein was further confirmed by searching sequence databases using mass spectrometry data. Recombinant FAT-1 was used to generate FAT-1 monoclonal antibodies and after three rounds of subcloning, the subclone 3A11 showed the best titer. Coomassie brilliant blue staining revealed the presence of two protein bands 55 kDa and 25 kDa in size, respectively (Fig. 1B). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) further showed that the FAT-1 monoclonal antibodies (3A11) between 0.05 and 100 μg/mL exhibited a linear increase in OD450 (Fig. 1C). Further analysis revealed that the antibodies were IgG2a. 
 
 
 
Fig. 1 
 
Preparation of FAT-1 monoclonal antibodies. 
 
 
 
Immunoblotting assays using FAT-1 monoclonal antibodies (3A11) demonstrated a protein band of approximately 46 kDa in size from the homogenates of tissue specimens of the liver, lung, kidney, heart, brain, and spleen of mfat-1 transgenic mice, but not from those of normal C57BL/6 mice (Fig. 2A). A protein band approximately 26 kDa in size was also detected, which may be FAT-1 degradation products. FAT-1 is rich in cysteine and has three successive cysteines at positions 241-243. As the two disulfide bonds can be broken under denaturing conditions, the stability of peptide bond may be affected subsequently. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue specimens of transgenic and normal C57BL/6 mice further demonstrated that FAT-1 protein was present in many tissues of the transgenic mice, but was not found in the wildtype control C57BL/6 tissues (Fig. 2B-O). 
 
 
 
Fig. 2 
 
Function of FAT-1 monoclonal antibodies. 
 
 
 
The expression of fat-1 gene or FAT-1 in transgenic tissues or cells can be examined previously only by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or by gas chromatography to measure the increase of n-3 PUFAs and the decrease of n-6/n-3 ratios. The generation of FAT-1 monoclonal antibodies provides a new tool to detect FAT-1 protein directly. 
 
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81202370) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation (BM2012116). Yifan Dai is a Fellow at the Collaborative Innovation Center For Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine. 
 
Yours Sincerely,


Dear Editor:
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are essential fatty acids for normal cellular functions and have been used for prevention and treatment of many diseases, including coronary heart disease, diabetes, and cancers [1][2][3] . n-3 PUFAs and n-6 PUFAs have been shown to decrease and increase the severity of several human diseases, respectively [4] . Unfortunately, mammals have no enzymes to synthesize n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. Therefore, they must rely on a dietary supply. Today, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs has reached to an unhealthy 20-30:1 due to people taking n-6 rich diet and eating less sea fish. Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans fat-1 gene encodes an n-3 desaturase that introduces a double bond at n-3 position of n-6 fatty acids to form n-3 fatty acids [5] . Several fat-1 transgenic mammals (including mouse, pig and cow) have been produced in which n-3 PUFAs were increased and n-6 PUFAs were reduced, resulting in a significant reduction of n-6/n-3 ratio in those transgenic animals [6][7][8] .
However, due to lack of commercially available FAT-1 antibody, FAT-1 expression is indirectly determined by measurement of FAT-1 activity including increase of n-3 PUFAs and decrease of n-6/n-3 ratio in animals. In this study, we used recombinant FAT-1 to immunize mice and to generate FAT-1 specific monoclonal antibody. Then, FAT-1 monoclonal antibodies were used to detect FAT-1 protein in tissue samples of the liver, lung, kidney, heart, brain, and spleen of fat-1 transgenic mice by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining assays.
Escherichia (E.) coli expression system allows rapid and economical production of recombinant FAT-1 protein. To express C. elegans fat-1 gene in E. coli efficiently, we optimized the codons of the full-length C. elegans fat-1 gene sequence using GeneArtH Gene Synthesis (GeneArt, Regensburg, Germany) followed by subcloning into the expression vector pCold II. The recombinant FAT-1 protein was purified by HisTrap FF affinity chromatography col-  (Fig. 1A), which showed a protein band of approximately 46 kDa in size, corresponding to the known molecular weight of FAT-1 [5] . The identity of the FAT-1 recombinant protein was further confirmed by searching sequence databases using mass spectrometry data. Recombinant FAT-1 was used to generate FAT-1 monoclonal antibodies and after three rounds of subcloning, the subclone 3A11 showed the best titer. Coomassie brilliant blue staining revealed the presence of two protein bands 55 kDa and 25 kDa in size, respectively (Fig. 1B). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) further showed that the FAT-1 monoclonal antibodies (3A11) between 0.05 and 100 mg/mL exhibited a linear increase in OD 450 (Fig. 1C). Further analysis revealed that the antibodies were IgG2a. Immunoblotting assays using FAT-1 monoclonal antibodies (3A11) demonstrated a protein band of approximately 46 kDa in size from the homogenates of tissue specimens of the liver, lung, kidney, heart, brain, and spleen of mfat-1 transgenic mice, but not from those of normal C57BL/6 mice ( Fig. 2A). A protein band approximately 26 kDa in size was also detected, which may be FAT-1 degradation products. FAT-1 is rich in cysteine and has three successive cysteines at positions 241-243. As the two disulfide bonds can be broken under denaturing conditions, the stability of peptide bond may be affected subsequently. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue specimens of transgenic and normal C57BL/6 mice further demonstrated that FAT-1 protein was present in many tissues of the transgenic mice, but was not found in the wildtype control C57BL/6 tissues (Fig. 2B-O).
The expression of fat-1 gene or FAT-1 in transgenic tissues or cells can be examined previously only by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or by gas chromatography to measure the increase of n-3 PUFAs and the decrease of n-6/n-3 ratios. The generation of FAT-1 monoclonal antibodies provides a new tool to detect FAT-1 protein directly.
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81202370)