Not so benign

Susceptibility to uterine fibroids, benign tumors that affect the health of many women, is linked to genes that are responsible for preserving genome integrity and promoting genitourinary development.

T he established consensus is that benign tumors do not become malignant and do not metastasize, but this does not mean they are not clinically important. Uterine leiomyomas are a perfect example. These tumors, which are commonly referred to as fibroids or myomas, affect up to 70% of women before menopause (Stewart et al., 2017), and cause multiple clinical problems, including excessive uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, infertility and miscarriage. Fibroids are also the leading cause of hysterectomy, and therefore incur substantial medical costs around the world (Soliman et al., 2015).
Even in this cancer genomics era, our knowledge of the processes underlying the growth of these tumors is limited. Although they derive from a single smooth muscle cell in the uterine wall, fibroids are a heterogeneous tumor group. Broadly, they can be divided into three main groups, the most common being fibroids with alterations in MED12 (a gene found on the X chromosome), followed by lesions that are deficient in an enzyme called fumarate hydratase, and lesions in which a protein called HMGA2 is overexpressed. Numerous risk factors contribute to fibroid development, including age, obesity, hormones, hypertension and ancestry, with African-American women at the top of the prevalence chart (Dvorská et al., 2017).
Multiple fibroids can occur as part of a hereditary syndrome called familial leiomyomatosis that is caused by germline mutations in the gene coding for fumarate hydratase. Moreover, and independent of familial leiomyomatosis, the firstdegree relatives of affected women have a 2.5 times greater chance of developing fibroids than the general population. So, are there loci in the genome that are linked to a general susceptibility to leiomyomas? A handful of studies have explored this question and identified a few loci that are associated with a small increase in the risk of leiomyomas. However, these results are restricted to specific populations or have limited biological significance (Cha et al., 2011;Edwards et al., 2013;Hellwege et al., 2017). Now, in eLife, Lauri Aaltonen of the University of Helsinki and co-workers -including Niko Vä limä ki and Heli Kuisma as joint first authorsreport how they have performed a genomewide association study that sheds light on the development of leiomyomas (Välimäki et al., 2018).
The study was performed in five stages (Figure 1). In the first phase the researchers analyzed cases and controls from the UK Biobank, which resulted in a list of 50 candidate variants from 22 loci in the genome that might be associated with fibroids. These variants were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): that is, Copyright Rivera. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited. variants in which one nucleotide had been replaced by a different nucleotide. The researchers then computed the polygenic genomic risk score (GRS), which is a sum of the risk associated to each candidate variant, and validated the association of this score to fibroid development in an independent cohort from Helsinki. In the second phase the researchers combined the two populations in a case-control meta-analysis, which led to another seven candidate variants being identified (bringing the total to 57). The genomic risk score was recalculated in this second phase.

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In the third phase Vä limä ki et al. validated their candidates in six different ethnic groups. The genomic risk score was linked to the development of uterine leiomyomas in all six groups, confirming the involvement of these loci in the disease, independent of ethnicity. The researchers also identified an elevated risk in Black Africans compared to Irish (Caucasian), which could explain the differences in the leiomyoma prevalence.
In the fourth phase Vä limä ki et al. explored the biological significance of the loci they had identified by searching for genes located within these loci. The genes they identified could be classified into two groups: i) genes implicated in preserving the integrity of the genome and genes commonly implicated in cancer (such as TP53, which is sometimes called the 'guardian of the genome', and TERT, which helps to ensure (4) Biological significance: The genes located within the loci associated with leiomyomas can be divided into two groups: genes related to genome integrity and genes commonly altered in cancers (left), and genes related to the development of the genitourinary system and genes involved in hormonal processes (right). (5) Phenotypic associations: The risk score was associated with the number of leiomyomas per patient, with a higher prevalence of leiomyomas in African women, and with the presence of MED12 mutations in the tumors. A SNP located within the TERT gene was associated with shorter telomeres. that the ends of chromosomes remain intact during cell divisions); ii) genes related to the development of the genitourinary system and genes involved in hormonal processes, some of which are also deregulated in cancers (such as the gene for the estrogen receptor gene ESR1).
In the fifth phase the researchers showed that the risk score was positively associated with the number of leiomyomas per patient and a higher prevalence of the disease in African women compared to women with Caucasian ancestry. Overall the results are consistent with a recent study, by a different group, that compared cases and controls from the Icelandic population and Caucasians from the UK Biobank (Rafnar et al., 2018). Surprisingly, the results of Vä limä ki et al. showed that a variant called rs5937008, which is located in chromosome X near the MED12 gene locus, predisposed women to the subtype of leiomyomas in which the MED12 gene is altered. This result suggests that carriers of the rs5937008 variant have an increased risk of developing MED12-mutated leiomyomas in particular.
The study by Aaltonen, Vä limä ki, Kuisma and co-workers -who are based the University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, the University of Oulu and the Karolinska Institute -raises questions that are specific to leiomyomas. For example, what mechanisms orchestrate the process between susceptibility and tumorigenesis? There are also more general questions that remain unanswered: why, for example, do benign tumors -which can carry mutations similar to those seen in malignant tumors -remain benign (Crago et al., 2015;Agnihotri et al., 2016)? Answering such questions will benefit both research into leiomyomas and cancer research in general.