A central role for a region in the middle

A domain called the 'Conserved region in the middle' is responsible for target recognition in the TORC2 complex in fission yeast and the mTORC2 complex in mammals.

ellular growth is a tightly regulated process that depends on the availability of energy and nutrients. Moreover, in multicellular species, the proliferation of cells must be coordinated across tissues and organs. Protein kinases called target of rapamycin (TOR) proteins and their mammalian ortholog mTOR have a central role in growth regulation. These proteins exert their function in two complexes called TORC1 and TORC2 (or mTORC1 and mTORC2 in mammals). These complexes act as regulatory hubs that integrate input signals concerning the availability of energy and nutrients or the presence of growth factors. With their outputs, the mTOR complexes control metabolism and protein biosynthesis, and influence cell cycle progression, autophagy and cytoskeletal organization (Laplante and Sabatini, 2012;Shimobayashi and Hall, 2014).
TOR and mTOR are very large proteins (containing approximately 2300-2600 amino acids) and are members of the PIKK family of regulatory kinases. Both mTOR complexes comprise mTOR and a protein called mLST8 ( Figure 1A). mTORC1 also contains a protein called Raptor, whereas mTORC2 further includes the proteins Rictor and SIN1. In both complexes, the partner proteins of mTOR determine the target specificity of the mTOR kinase (Cameron et al., 2011;Nojima et al., 2003). mTORC1 phosphorylates a diverse set of targets involved in protein biosynthesis, metabolism and transcriptional regulation, while mTORC2's most prominent targets are regulatory kinases of the AGC family.
In mTORC1, the Raptor N-terminal conserved (RNC) domain is known to be involved in the binding of linear recognition motifs in target proteins (Dunlop et al., 2009). Recent cryo-electron microscopy studies have provided a first glimpse at its function in mTORC1 (Aylett et al., 2016). The RNC domain is well positioned in the vicinity of the kinase active site to both recognize target motifs (Beugnet et al., 2003) and to sterically prevent -in cooperation with parts of mTOR -bulky non-target proteins accessing the kinase.
However, less is known about target recognition in TORC2 and mTORC2. Now, in eLife, researchers at the Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Osaka University and the University of California, Davis -including Hisashi Tatebe and Shinichi Murayama as joint first authors, and Tatebe and Kazuhiro Shiozaki as corresponding authors -report the results of a series of studies on human SIN1 and its fission yeast ortholog Sin1, that shed light on the conserved role of these proteins in target binding (Tatebe et al., 2017).   (Frias et al., 2006); the 'Conserved region in the middle' (CRIM); an RB domain; and a PH domain. However, the role of these domains in mTORC2 target recognition remained unclear, and structural data were only available for the isolated PH domain (Pan and Matsuura, 2012). Now Tatebe et al. have clearly shown that the CRIM domain has a key role in target recognition. In particular, they demonstrated that in fission yeast, the CRIM domain in Sin1 is primarily responsible for binding targets from the AGC kinase family. In human cell lines, the CRIM domain in SIN1 is at least involved in recognition of related targets, implying an evolutionary conserved role for this domain.
Based on earlier studies (Liu et al., 2015), SIN1 may even directly interact with the mTOR kinase domain in mTORC2. Thus, SIN1 might also be positioned to restrict access of the substrate to the kinase, eventually in cooperation with Rictor, similar to Raptor in mTORC1. Tatebe   and strongly suggests that the acidic loop is involved in binding. With the functional role and structure of the CRIM domain now firmly established, researchers can start to address the many remaining questions about TORC2 target recognition. The NMR structure of the CRIM domain provides an excellent platform for a detailed analysis of the recognition of specific motifs in target substrates by SIN1. However, studies of the overall integration of SIN1 into mTORC2 will be required to address the consequences of SIN1-target binding for subsequent phosphorylation. Finally, work on target recognition in mTOR complexes together with recent structural and functional studies on other PIKK family kinases (Sibanda et al., 2017) may reveal the presence (or absence) of common principles in target recognition across the entire PIKK family.