Fatal attraction

A beetle pheromone that lures nematode worms to an insect host can also stop their development or even kill them outright.

L ook carefully at a solitary animal and you will find that it is not so alone after all. Animals play host to entire ecosystems that teem with diverse life. Some of the microbes that live on (or in) animals are beneficial to their host. However, these microbes' more sinister brethren, parasites and pathogens, cause damage and disease. Between these two extremes is a class of organisms that, it seems, do not harm or benefit their hosts: instead, these organisms reap their reward when the host animal dies of other causes. This lifestyle is termed 'necromeny' (Sudhaus and Schulte, 1989) and has been considered an evolutionary intermediate to full-blown parasitism (Sudhaus, 2008). Now, in eLife, Ray Hong of California State University (CalState) and co-workers, who include Jessica Cinkornpumin and Dona Wisidagama as joint first authors, report the discovery of a molecular mechanism used by a nematode worm called Pristionchus pacificus to find its insect host, the oriental beetle. This necromenic nematode lives inside the beetle and waits for the beetle to die, so that it can feed off the bacteria that grow on the decomposing carcass. Working with colleagues from two Max Planck Institutes-the MPI for Biology of Ageing and the MPI for Developmental Biology-the CalState researchers have identified a new molecular player in detection of chemical signals. They have also revealed the dual nature of the chemical cue that lures these nematodes to the beetles and, at the same time, arrests their development (Cinkornpumin et al., 2014).
To understand how P. pacificus detects host odours, the researchers performed a genetic screen for mutant nematodes that were no longer attracted to a beetle pheromone called ZTDO. First discovered as a beetle sex pheromone, this chemical was subsequently identified as an odour that attracts P. pacificus (Herrmann et al., 2007). The screen identified worms with mutations in a gene called obi-1. This gene encodes a protein from a family of proteins that are released by diverse nematode species and bind to fatty molecules (lipids). Cinkornpumin, Wisidagama et al. speculate that the OBI-1 protein might function as a part of an extracellular clearance mechanism for lipid odorants. Such a mechanism might be required to detect small changes in odorant concentration and navigate towards the source of the pheromone.
Alternately, OBI-1 might function as part of a receptor mechanism in which a chemical cue is first bound to a protein, which then carries the signal to a receptor protein and activates it. Such multi-part odorant receptors are important for the detection of chemicals by bacteria and are also used by insects to detect some odours (Vosshall and Stocker, 2007;Kirby, 2009). Cinkornpumin, Wisidagama et al. suggest that it is possible that OBI-1 is part of a similar mechanism in the nematode.
Genetic studies of odour detection in nematodes have led to the discovery of many mechanisms Copyright Ringstad. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

Fatal attraction
A beetle pheromone that lures nematode worms to an insect host can also stop their development or even kill them outright. Image Some nematodes are 'necromenic' and live inside a host and wait to feed from its carcass after it dies behind sensory signalling that are widely conserved among animal species (Bargmann, 2006). Furthermore, uncovering factors that help to guide specific nematodes to their hosts could lead the way to new solutions to a pressing problem. Many nematodes are parasites that cause billions of dollars of damage to agricultural crops every year and levy an even more devastating toll on human health, especially in developing countries. Parasitic nematodes rely on following chemical cues to find their hosts (Chaisson and Hallem, 2012). As such, a deeper understanding of this process will offer new opportunities to develop strategies that control or eradicate populations of nematode pests.
Furthermore, Cinkornpumin, Wisidagama et al. discovered another, darker, side to the beetle's pheromone. As well as luring P. pacificus to a beetle, ZTDO also stops the development of the nematode or kills it outright. Thus, the very cue that P. pacificus uses to find its host might be used by that host to keep P. pacificus in check.
This other function of ZTDO in nematode-host interactions raises fascinating questions about the evolutionary origins both of the ZTDO/OBI-1 system and the origins of the necromenic lifestyle it supports. What was the ancestral function of ZTDO? Was it first used as a chemical defence against nematodes and subsequently adapted for use as a pheromone? And, if so, does this suggest that the interactions between the ancestors of P. pacificus and their beetle hosts were less benign than the interactions we observe today? These new insights into the mechanisms used by P. pacificus to find hosts suggest that necromeny might not be a way-station on the road to parasitism but might rather be a détente (or compromise) reached in the evolutionary struggle between a parasite and its host.
Many ecologically important interactions between species are observed in nature, but our understanding of how and why they happen is woefully incomplete. Now that this problem has been brought into the domain of molecular genetics through the P. pacificus model, we can anticipate new insights into the remarkable biology of interspecies chemical signalling.