The Value Chain as the Basis of Business Model Design

The article presents a new approach to the generation of business models based on value streams. The originality of the study lies in the assumption that in every business model the generator of added value is the value chain which, if original enough, will maximize potential while minimizing costs. This approach will provide the respective enterprise with a high level competitiveness in the long term. The tested group of enterprises consisted of 354 SMEs, one hundred eightyseven of which were from the manufacturing and industry sector, with 167 from the services sector. The novelty of this approach also consists of the integrated approach to the business environment in which the value streams were analyzed. The results suggest that the analysis of value streams is suitable for the projection of business models. In addition, the methods of dimensional reduction and logit regression have been identified as appropriate analytical tools, with representative results found valid and utilizable in business practice. The authors of the article are aware that this is only the first step in addressing this issue, one which will play a critical role in the gradual process of the upcoming digital transformation of all business models, not only those of SMEs in the Czech Republic.


INTRODUCTION
There is no agreement among the academic community, and particularly not in the corporate sphere, concerning the definition and understanding of terms such as corporate strategy, business strategy, and business model. The authors of this paper consider the beginnings of the emergence of the business strategy to lie in the period after World War II, when James Culliton (in his paper The Management of Marketing Costs, 1948) and later Neil Borden (The Concept of the Marketing Mix, 1964) came up with the idea of stipulating a product strategy and product portfolio using a marketing mix. Together with Kotler (with his book Marketing Management, 2010), who was primarily responsible for popularizing this issue, these researcher laid the foundations for defining the business strategy of an enterprise. After this beginning, Strakova, J., Simberova, I., Partlova, P., Vachal, J., & Zich, R. (2021). The Value Chain as the Basis of Business Model Design. Journal of Competitiveness, 13(2), 135-151. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2021.02.08 various typological strategies came to be used in the literature on strategic management, with Porter's market-oriented approaches becoming the most widely cited. The publications of Michael Porter (Porter, 2012;Porter, 2015) and other authors (Rezapour et al., 2017;Yadav et al., 2017) represented a significant turning point in the approach to the strategies and their generation. Porter defines a strategy as competitive in terms of a corporate strategy. Meskendahl (2010), Wirtz et al. (2016) describe a business strategy that addresses how the enterprises gain competitive advantage, how they decide to compete in the market, and what business model provides them with a competitive advantage. Yuan et al. (2020) emphasize developing a business strategy with a focus on understanding and adapting to the business and market environment to maximize business performance. Ryu et al. (2015) propose to use one of Porter's three generic competitive strategies. Opinions on this issue continue to differ, although most are based on Porter's work. Porter (2015) has contributed to the way and frequency of projection and implementation of the business models, stating that a good analysis is crucial for the creation of a competitive strategy. Still, it is not reasonable to create one in advance, as it may take several years to find an appropriate approach. He declared that any business issue should be understood as a product of how the enterprise creates value for a customer. The research priority of this topic consists of theoretical finalization and practical verification of a business model that uses the principle of generation of process added value for the customer to achieve a margin. This is based on a description of business processes, their decomposition in the corporate environment, and subsequent value analysis to identify their contributions to the overall margin. A recent aspect is the analysis of the corporate environment's integrity, which respects a system approach to the enterprise, i.e. the authors propose an innovative method for the development of a business strategy or business model based on an analysis of value streams in a company with regard to the integral and unique system of the corporate environment. The structure of this article respects the research goal. A theoretical description of business models and associated mathematical and statistical methods (dimensional reduction and logit regression) is followed by the results of the research. The results section uses optimized logit models to identify not only activities in the value chain that significantly influence the profitability of small and medium enterprises, but also the effects of internal resources as well as the meso and macro environment, including the significance of these components in their integrated form. Finally, the research questions are answered and discussed based on the research outputs. The authors also suggest directions for future research activities in this field.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Small and medium enterprises represent an important part of a national economic system. The quality of the business environment is critical for these firms, as it can create favorable conditions for their development (Dobes et al., 2017). Kozubikova & Kotaskova (2019) state that business risks strongly affect the quality of the business environment in which small and medium enterprises operate. These researchers conclude that the primary market risk is the most important risk of all. Lestari et al. (2020) state that for small enterprises, it is essential to set a goal and to share the sources and knowledge that are indispensable for the innovativeness of their projects and competitive advantage. Belas et al. (2014) have determined that small and medium enterprises are prone to higher business risks because they are sensitive to changes in the business environment. They explain that SME productivity is affected by obstacles, despite the fact that their contribution to economic growth, employment, and competitiveness is high within the country in which they operate. In the Czech business environment, the terms business and corporate strategy and business model are often confused, and they do in fact overlap.
Apte & Davis (2019) define a business model as a comprehensive description of the principles of the creation, delivery, and representation of values in an enterprise. The importance of a business model and its connections with a business strategy, innovation management, and economics is also emphasized by Teece (2010). Massa et al. (2017) state that a business model which creates value for the customer and income for the enterprise mirrors the sources of the enterprise that are grouped and arranged in a process producing the value. The relation between the corporate strategy implemented and the business model is discussed by the authors Casadesus-Masanell & Ricart (2010). Another group of authors indicates that business models can be understood as structured management tools that are considered decisive to corporate profitability and competitiveness (Kharub & Sharma, 2017;Wirtz et al., 2016). Porter defines the value chain as a powerful tool which makes it possible organize an enterprise into strategically important activities, resulting in the possibility of higher prices and lower costs (Kharub & Sharma, 2017). The concept of the value chain has also been discussed by a number of other authors, such as Understanding whether a business entity has the potential to create added value and whether it can take advantage of this in the future is an essential step in diagnosing its potential (McNeish & Kelley, 2019). The research described above have laid the foundation for the study of business model design. Academic works and examples from corporate practice have appeared showing the organization of all categories of corporate strategies and models into a hierarchical and interconnected model. Study results by Marx (2015) provide strong empirical evidence that the Product Strategy (differentiation versus low costs), the Best Value Strategy, and the Blue Ocean Strategy all have a significant influence on corporate management. Wal-Mart is an example of an appropriately configured business model, ensuring as the most important part of the model "everyday low prices" for a wide range of products that are easily accessible and geographically advantageous (Bhavik & Cespedes, 2016). The current process of generating a business strategy and business models has been deeply influenced by the business and information paradigm which emerged at the beginning of the 21st century. It mirrors changes in the collection, storage, access, and transmission of information (Meskendahl, 2010;Wirtz et al., 2016;Gatautis, 2017), as well as increasingly intensive processes of innovation and digitalization in the corporate environment. also occurred in the global and European market ring, such as the internationalization of trade, the end of globalization and the beginning of "glocalization," and geographical changes from the viewpoint of global economic centers (Wisniewski & Brzezicka, 2020). Digitization as a current innovation process plays a crucial role in transforming the business models. It provides opportunities for adjusting higher quality and efficiency for the existing business processes and connecting new processes to deliver the maximum added value (Sambit et al., 2017;Martins et al., 2015). Summing up the current degree of scientific knowledge in business modeling, there is no consensus in both the definition and the way of its projection of implementation in business practice. These two attributes were considered at the beginning of the scientific direction of the research by the authors of the paper, its goals, research methods, and the determination of expected theoretical and practical output.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE, METHODOLOGY AND DATA
Tresearch aims to prepare a method for business practice for generating a business model of a business using a value chain anchored in its integrated business environment. Two research questions were formulated, which will be decisive for further research in the field of business strategy generation. RQ1: Is it possible to use value chain analysis, including components of the corporate environment in their integrated form, as a basis for generating a business model? RQ2: Is sector differentiation of enterprises suitable and sufficient for the development of a business model?
The sample consisted of a total of 354 SMEs. There were 75 micro-enterprises (up to 25 employees, 21%), 167 small enterprises (25-50 employees, 47%), and 112 medium-sized enterprises (50 to 250 employees, 32%) from the Czech Republic. The manufacturing and industry sector accounted for 187 of the small and medium-sized enterprises (52%), and the services sector accounted for 167 (48%) of them. Profitability was reported by 88% of the sample. The sample was created from the corporate database of the Department of Management at the Institute of Technology and Business. This database was established in 2016 and continues to be expanded. Data collection was conducted primarily through a contact survey (70%) and, to a smaller degree, electronic surveying (30%). In terms of their representativeness, the source data were consulted with representatives of the business community and the scientific community of the relevant field, including the Czech Statistical Office. The research started in 2016 in a period of economic growth. The first stage was completed in 2019; currently, a follow-up research stage has been underway in conditions of economic stagnation and pandemic crisis. To test value chain activities and components of the corporate environment (internal corporate resources, the meso-environment and the general macro-environment), a dimensionality reduction method is used at first, which reduces information from multidimensional data to a smaller number of variables (Cook & Lee, 1999;Chiaromonte, et al., 2002), and regression analyses (a general linear model) (Pourghasemi & Rahmati, 2018;Stoffel et al., 2017). The calculation of dimensionality reduction is based on the inverse distribution F(x|y). The statistical software "R" was used for calculation. A calculation method of dimensionality reduction known as sliced inverse regression (SIR) is used in the analysis. After that, a general linear model (GLM), which makes it possible to express the relation between the dependent variable (in this case, it had a binomial distribution) and a set of explanatory variables (regressors) by means of a regression function, which is a linear function of unknown estimated parameters, was used to determine the optimal model of components of the corporate environment defining the significance of selected internal corporate resources and meso-environmental and macroenvironmental factors. The "Statistica" software was used for calculation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results presented in the paper are based on the assumption that the sample enterprises have a corporate strategy, in many cases identical to the business strategy. The output structure respects the fact that the enterprise operates, delivers products in the customer segment and achieves a margin. The business model is embedded in the enterprise architecture (created mainly by the business environment). In the first part of the research, the value chain within the integrated business environment is analyzed. In the following part, the essential component of the business environment is analyzed using the newly designed integrated model.

Value chain -base of the business models
Dr(formula=ER~INL+PRO+OUL+MARK+ROS+PUR+STD+HRM+EI,data=SS,PIS,method= "sir") Value chain variables: INL -input logistics, PRO -production, OUL -output logistics, MARK -marketing and sales, ROS -repair and other services, PUR -purchase/material management, STD -scientific and technical development, HRM -human resource management, EI -enterprise infrastructure, PIS -production and industry sector, SS -service sector, ER -economic result. (Source: authors) Table 1 shows sector differentiation in terms of the value chain activities tested with regard to their contribution to the creation of value added in the enterprise, in general to the valuecreating business processes. In the manufacturing and industry, output logistics, marketing and sales are the most important activities having a positive impact on the profitability of the enterprises. Human resources management and input logistics have a negative impact, possibly explained by their underestimation by the managers and the poor level of such activities. Increased attention will, for this reason, have to be paid to such activities in the future, with input logistics enhanced by the increasingly intensive process of digitalization and automation, and human resources currently becoming something of a limit to the sustainability and further development of the enterprises since their resources are currently exhausted and will continue to be limited in the future. Different specifics are reflected in the services sector than in the manufacturing and industry sector, with scientific and technical development and purchases labeled as the decisive value-creating activities. It might be the essential requirement for the enterprises in this sector for the accelerated transfer of new research knowledge into business practice. At the same time, purchases are a favored production activity in which the current situation must be stabilized, improved and rationalized with the application of information technology and digitalization. In the production and industry sector (Table 3), the dominant positive components are the financial resources, staff training, and technical equipment. The internal regulations and standards are adverse. In general, the administrative and legislative burden on the managers is described as unsustainable and restricting the development of the enterprises in the long term. Similarly, the services sector (Table 3) shows the financial resources as the most important part, followed by the organizational structure, possibly due to the nature of services. In both sectors, there is a negative effect of the internal regulations and standards related to the administrative burden on the enterprises. Outputs from logit regression in the manufacturing and industry sectors (Table 4) do not correspond to the results of dimensional reduction ( Table 3). The most important internal sources in this sector are the brand, name, and portfolio of the enterprise. In the service sector (Table  5), the optimal model of internal sources shows a match with the results of the dimensional reduction ( Table 3).
Tab. 6 -Dimensionality reduction of the meso-environment from the viewpoint of its influence on corporate value-creating processes -sector differentiation. In the production and industry sector (Table 6), the research base (research institutes and the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) is proved to be the most critical component of the environment. However, the enterprises often criticize the lack of cooperation of research institutions and the business practice. The suppliers are also an important part, playing one of the decisive roles in achieving profitability. Higher education and local government and selfgovernment are assessed as harmful components, both of which do not fulfill their mission. They do not contribute to the development of the business sector. The services sector (Table  6) shows no positively evaluated component in terms of corporate profitability. In both sectors, classic competitive forces such as the customers, distributors, business partners, etc., are underestimated and even negatively evaluated by the managers. It might be due to a period of strong economic growth at the time of the research and the overall corporate profitability. The remaining components of the environment, such as the media and environmental associations, are seen as part of the competitive framework but not as crucial to the competitive ring itself. In the manufacturing and industry sectors (Table 7), the results match the dimensional reduction. In the service sector (Table 8), the competitors and distributors are identified as the statistically significant factors, which are the basic competitive forces of the competitive ring.
The macro-environment as a limit to the implementation of business models Dr (formula=ER~DEM+ID+LIFE+ES+CM+LA+GOC+PAT+TET+OMPP+GDP+IR+INF+ ELC+UNE+GOS+FMR+TP+LEG,data=SS,PIS,method="sir") The dimensional reduction of the macro environment (Table 9) of the manufacturing and industry sectors shows a positive impact on the profitability of enterprise leisure time activities and demographic developments. Government expenditure on research, development, legislation, and education levels is assessed negatively. In the services sector, interest rates affecting demand for services are positively evaluated, and government spending on R&D and revenue distribution is negatively assessed, suggesting the unavailability of some services for certain population groups. No significant signs of any component of the macro environment in terms of expected impact on their profitability were indicated, mainly due to the pro-growth economic cycle at the time of the research.

Integrated model of the corporate environment glm(formula = ER ~ ICR + MZE + MAE, family = binomial(link = "logit"), data = PIS)
For the SMEs in the manufacturing and industry sectors (Table 10), the statistical dependence of corporate profitability on the business environment is noted. Regarding the significance of environmental components, the highest degree of statistical conclusiveness is in the macro environment; the mean dependence is proved in the meso environment and internal corporate resources.
The results are significantly different for the service sector (Table 11), for which the macro environment does not show statistical significance in terms of its profitability. Here sector differentiation was most pronounced, with over 95% of the enterprises operating at the local and regional level in the service sector. The rest of the sample consisted of the national and international enterprises unlike manufacturing and industry, for which over 25% operate at the international level and 45% at the national level. In the service sector, the current process of globalization is confirmed, and this can also be considered as a novel outcome, as the service enterprises are returning to local, regional customs and traditions as a part of this process. The authors can objectively conclude that they are not aware of any research activities dealing with similar topics in other EU countries. Some research, however, is available from North America, as mentioned above. Authors analyzed these studies in detail and used them to plan the research activities. Porter (2015) considers the value chain to be the strategic cornerstone of company prosperity. The achieved outputs follow up on research and publications such as Kalmykova et al.

CONCLUSION
As mentioned in the introductory section, at the outset of their research activities the present authors took into account the growing need and demand of enterprises for new procedures and tools for generating business as well as corporate strategies to achieve competitiveness and sustainability. It is evident that this was one of the critical issues in strategic management and decision making. The focus on creating value in individual corporate processes means a fundamental shift from past procedures and methods used in both in the Czech Republic and abroad. All this has happened in a period of strong economic growth. It should be stated that only enterprises that are innovative as well as strategically oriented and managed have been vigilant enough to expect a decline in economic growth and thus a profitability decrease. These enterprises sought new ways towards permanent economic prosperity, even long-term growth. When the authors began the research, they naturally could not foresee that the unprecedented economic boom would be hit by a factor from outside the market environment -governmental measures taken against the covid 19 virus. Despite the clearly adverse effects, it should be objectively observed that the issues addressed in the article have become more important as a result of the current situation. Many companies are already creating practical specific preconditions for the expected changes in the management of their processes, in the approach and projection of their corporate strategies, and focus and implementation of their business policies, all while remaining aware of the fact that the frequently declared "longevity of corporate strategy" of 5 and more years is no longer acceptable. The results presented in this article have been evaluated to answer the two research questions. Based on the outputs, it can be concluded that the value chain is suitable for generating a business model (the first research question). The solution further showed that factoring in the sector level cannot be considered ideal for generating business models, i.e. it is necessary to descend to the level of a specific industrial branch (the second research question). Nevertheless, the factors limiting potential follow-up research which may be classified in two way, as factors related to companies, and factors related to macro-environment with production-technological and economic-financial aspects. According to the long-term monitoring of the corporate sphere, a substantial portion of corporate managers have already been convinced about the necessity to change their approach to a corporate or business strategy, with top managers now dealing with this issue, as authors have seen. The second limitation consists of the uncertainty of development in terms of European and international markets and the expected economic recession, with any confident predictions regarding future development impossible. Despite this climate, the team continues to collect data for this stage of the financial process but, in accordance with the results, only for selected industrial branches that represent a relevant basis for studying the generation of corporate or business strategies.