Sound Experiments The Music of the AACM
by Paul Steinbeck
University of Chicago Press, 2022
Cloth: 978-0-226-82009-5 | Paper: 978-0-226-82953-1 | Electronic: 978-0-226-82043-9
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.001.0001
ABOUT THIS BOOKAUTHOR BIOGRAPHYREVIEWSTABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS BOOK

A groundbreaking study of the trailblazing music of Chicago’s AACM, a leader in the world of jazz and experimental music.
 
Founded on Chicago’s South Side in 1965 and still thriving today, the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) is the most influential collective organization in jazz and experimental music. In Sound Experiments, Paul Steinbeck offers an in-depth historical and musical investigation of the collective, analyzing individual performances and formal innovations in captivating detail. He pays particular attention to compositions by Muhal Richard Abrams and Roscoe Mitchell, the Association’s leading figures, as well as Anthony Braxton, George Lewis (and his famous computer-music experiment, Voyager), Wadada Leo Smith, and Henry Threadgill, along with younger AACM members such as Mike Reed, Tomeka Reid, and Nicole Mitchell.
 
Sound Experiments represents a sonic history, spanning six decades, that affords insight not only into the individuals who created this music but also into an astonishing collective aesthetic. This aesthetic was uniquely grounded in nurturing communal ties across generations, as well as a commitment to experimentalism. The AACM’s compositions broke down the barriers between jazz and experimental music and made essential contributions to African American expression more broadly. Steinbeck shows how the creators of these extraordinary pieces pioneered novel approaches to instrumentation, notation, conducting, musical form, and technology, creating new soundscapes in contemporary music.
 

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Paul Steinbeck is associate professor of music at Washington University in St. Louis. He is the author of Message to Our Folks: The Art Ensemble of Chicago and coauthor of Exercises for the Creative Musician

REVIEWS

"The Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians has achieved worldwide recognition for its approaches to notated composition, improvisation, technology, and intermedia. Steinbeck’s extensive historical and methodological analysis of a wide range of AACM musical practices makes this book indispensable to an understanding of the leading role of Afrodiasporic experimentalism in the past, present, and future of new music."
— George Lewis

"I really appreciate Paul Steinbeck’s scholarship in putting together Sound Experiments. I have always found him to be an engaging writer. I enjoy how he wrote about my compositions on my album Sound, as well as the different iterations of my composition Nonaah. He really dug deep!"
— Roscoe Mitchell

"Steinbeck has written an excellent analysis of the works of composers-performers from the AACM. A clear and concise investigative text, it looks into many aspects involved in creating a work of musical art. His writing is creative and has an expressive use of language. I recommend his book to everyone."
— Wadada Leo Smith

"One of the most significant avant-garde collectives of the twentieth century, the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) remains a powerful force in the early 21st century. In Paul Steinbeck, the AACM has found a chronicler and scholar of passion, erudition, and discipline, the very qualities that have made it such an enduring institution."
— Adam Shatz

"[Steinbeck] gives a good account of the cultural, social, political, and economic contexts from which the music emerged, and is keenly aware of the racialised gatekeeping which has all too often kept AACM composers from getting their due. . .  . Ultimately, the reader comes away with a greater appreciation of the AACM's achievements: Great Black Music, from Ancient to the Future." 
— The Wire

"In this erudite but lively account, Steinbeck presents the first in-depth study of the AACM’s musicians and music as he traces the evolution of the group's innovative work over many decades. . . . An important addition to the jazz bookshelf."
— Booklist

"Musical analysis dominates the text, but Steinbeck’s thoughtful writing makes the descriptions work on several levels: for a student, or anyone interested in learning about how the music works; for a non-musician who may breeze past the score excerpts but dig into the plain-speak breakdowns; or the attentive fan who can relate the structures discussed to stage dynamics they have witnessed."
— New York City Jazz Record

Paul Steinbeck’s magisterial Sound Experiments [is] a look at the AACM through “a set of ten compositions, improvisations, and recordings.” Sound Experiments contains many transcriptions and technical descriptions, but Steinbeck is a fluid writer and there are stories to tell.
 
— Sasha Frere-Jones, Bookforum

"Rather than a tour through AACM history, Sound Experiments serves as a deep dive into six of the organization’s seminal albums across the decades, which makes listening to the music while reading a whole new kind of experience. Be it Abrams’s ambitious Levels and Degrees of Light from 1968 or Mitchell’s 1977 solo-concert album Nonaah… Steinbeck makes an authoritative guide."
— The Slowdown

"Before analyzing each work, Steinbeck traces its genesis in a detailed monograph, illustrating the context in which it was born and the biography of the protagonists. (...) The result is a seminal work on the AACM, the first of its kind."
— Angelo Leonardi, AllAboutJazz.com

"Steinbeck provides some musical notations and deeper analysis of the sounds from his perspective as a musicologist – very illuminating to us, as we tend to have much more of a visceral response to these records."
— Dusty Groove

"Paul Steinbeck, Sound Experiments: The Music of the AACM (Chicago) — Musician and Washington University, St. Louis music professor Steinbeck provides a stimulating history of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) founded on Chicago’s South Side in 1965. He offers in-depth explorations of innovative performances by members of the organization, from Anthony Braxton’s Composition 76 to Wadada Leo Smith’s The Freedom Summers and Nicole Mitchell’s Mandorla Awakening II: Emerging Worlds. He demonstrates the ways these pieces contributed singular approaches to notation, instrumentation, and musical form, creating fresh sounds to contemporary music."
— Henry Carrigan, The Journal of Roots Music No Depression

“A Seminary Coop Notable Book of the Year”
— /

“A Seminary Coop Notable Book of the Year”
— /

"Paul Steinbeck, Sound Experiments: The Music of the AACM (Chicago) — Musician and Washington University, St. Louis music professor Steinbeck provides a stimulating history of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) founded on Chicago’s South Side in 1965. He offers in-depth explorations of innovative performances by members of the organization, from Anthony Braxton’s Composition 76 to Wadada Leo Smith’s The Freedom Summers and Nicole Mitchell’s Mandorla Awakening II: Emerging Worlds. He demonstrates the ways these pieces contributed singular approaches to notation, instrumentation, and musical form, creating fresh sounds to contemporary music."
— Henry Carrigan, The Journal of Roots Music No Depression

“Essential reading for anyone interested in jazz and creative music. Steinbeck continues the ongoing task of situating the work of the AACM within the history of experimental music and composition, while always making clear the myriad ways that this music sets itself apart.”
— Musicworks

"The music of the AACM is certainly some of the most artistically challenging music ever recorded. Sound Experiments is therefore an invaluable companion for those looking to dip their toes into this fascinating discography, as well as a rich source of information for those looking to dive more deeply into the depths of musical analysis."
— Tom Spargo, All About Jazz

"Not only does this book provide a wonderful addition to jazz scholarship, but Steinbeck has demonstrated that these artists should be talked about right along with other leading figures of the avant-garde music scenes in the 1960s and beyond. This book could prove useful to many researchers outside of the jazz realm, such as composers, performers of experimental music, musicologists, and general fans of experimental music."
— Music Reference Services Quarterly

"Not only does this book provide a wonderful addition to jazz scholarship, but Steinbeck has demonstrated that these artists should be talked about right along with other leading figures of the avant-garde music scenes in the 1960s and beyond. This book could prove useful to many researchers outside of the jazz realm, such as composers, performers of experimental music, musicologists, and general fans of experimental music."
— Music Reference Services Quarterly

TABLE OF CONTENTS


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.003.0001
[Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians;composition;conducting;experimental music;form;improvisation;instrumentation;jazz;notation;technology]
The Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) united dozens of African American musicians who were interested in experimental approaches to composition and improvisation. AACM members combined composition and improvisation in unprecedented ways, creating modes of music-making that bridged the gap between experimental concert music and contemporary jazz. The AACM also pioneered new approaches to instrumentation, notation, conducting, technology, and musical form, opening up vibrant soundscapes that previous generations of musicians had never imagined. Some of these innovations took hold in the 1960s, and others emerged in the years that followed, as the AACM built on the discoveries of the musicians who brought the collective into being.

- Paul Steinbeck
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.003.0002
[Art Ensemble of Chicago;electronics;Experimental Band;form;free jazz;Levels and Degrees of Light;Muhal Richard Abrams;poetry;Roscoe Mitchell;Sound]
Chapter 1 examines two late 1960s albums, Roscoe Mitchell's Sound (1966) and Muhal Richard Abrams's Levels and Degrees of Light (1968). On Sound, the first commercial recording by an AACM group, Mitchell and the members of his sextet play dozens of instruments, blending free jazz with countless other musical styles and textures. Shortly after the recording session, Mitchell founded the Art Ensemble of Chicago, a group that would spend decades developing the compositional and improvisational techniques employed on Sound. Abrams's Levels and Degrees of Light, performed by musicians from his famed Experimental Band, takes the AACM's formal investigations even further, as multi-section suites emerge from composed passages, collective improvisations, poetry recitations, and electronic sounds. (pages 38 - 59)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.003.0003
[chamber music;composition;improvisation;Nonaah;orchestra;repetition;Roscoe Mitchell;solo performance;variation]
Chapter 2 centers on Roscoe Mitchell's famous 1976 solo performance of his composition Nonaah at a jazz festival in Switzerland. Mitchell begins by playing from a score for saxophone quartet, but instead of adhering to the notated form, he reshapes Nonaah into an improvised dialogue with the audience, at one point repeating a single phrase ninety-six times until he wins over every listener in the festival hall. This performance would inspire Mitchell to compose several more versions of Nonaah, from a cello quartet and an arrangement for flute, bassoon, and piano to scores for chamber orchestra and full orchestra.


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.003.0004
[Anthony Braxton;Arista Records;composition;Composition 76;For Trio;graphic notation;improvisation;multi-instrumentalism;visual art]
Chapter 3 analyzes Anthony Braxton's Composition 76 (1977), recorded and released by the major label Arista Records. Written for three musicians playing woodwinds as well as percussion, Composition 76 epitomizes many of the creative practices that arose from the 1960s AACM, including multi-instrumentalism, graphic notation, and forms of music-making that combine composition and improvisation. The AACM's explorations of visual media are also evident in the Composition 76 score, which would eventually be exhibited at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago.


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.003.0005
[Air;Air Time;composition;improvisation;Fred Hopkins;Henry Threadgill;Steve McCall]
Chapter 4 is devoted to the album Air Time (1978), by Henry Threadgill, Fred Hopkins, and Steve McCall, known collectively as Air. Threadgill, Hopkins, and McCall started performing together in 1972 and kept their trio going for a decade, developing Air into one of the AACM's best bands. Air Time shows why the trio was so highly regarded: the album is made up of five very different compositions, each offering a unique framework for small-group improvisation.


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.003.0006
[composition;computer music;George Lewis;improvisation;multi-instrumentalism;orchestra;Voyager]
Chapter 5 focuses on George Lewis, who joined the AACM in 1971, and his groundbreaking computer-music composition Voyager. Premiered in 1987 and revised extensively in later years, Voyager is an interactive piece in which one or more human musicians improvise alongside a software-powered virtual orchestra. The Voyager program, like its human counterparts, improvises its own music in real time while responding to the other performers. Part computer-music program and part conceptual-art piece, Voyager is AACM-style experimentalism in digital form, a constantly changing sonic environment that asks performers and listeners alike to think about music-making in novel ways.


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.003.0007
[composition;Fred Anderson;jazz;improvisation;Velvet Lounge;Volume Two]
In the 1970s and 1980s, many AACM members relocated to New York, and a new group of leaders emerged in the collective's hometown of Chicago. By the 1990s, Fred Anderson was heading the AACM's Chicago contingent while creating music that was closely connected to the early years of the collective. Anderson cultivated a performance practice that fused jazz with contemporary improvised music, as heard on the album examined in chapter 6: Volume Two, recorded in 1999 at the Velvet Lounge, the South Side venue he owned and operated until 2010.


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.003.0008
[AACM Big Band;AACM Great Black Music Ensemble;At Umbria Jazz 2009;composition;Experimental Band;improvisation;Muhal Richard Abrams;Mwata Bowden;Velvet Lounge]
Along with Fred Anderson, Mwata Bowden became one of the principal leaders of the AACM's Chicago chapter after many established members moved to New York. In 2005, Bowden founded the AACM Great Black Music Ensemble, which made its debut at Anderson's Velvet Lounge on the South Side of Chicago. Chapter 7 centers on the Great Black Music Ensemble's album At Umbria Jazz 2009, which reveals the musical practices used by Bowden to renew the big-band format that Muhal Richard Abrams originated in the AACM's first decade.


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.003.0009
[Ankhrasmation;composition;create;Emmett Till;Golden Quartet;notation;orchestra;Southwest Chamber Music;Ten Freedom Summers;Wadada Leo Smith]
Like many of the AACM's elders, Wadada Leo Smith was more productive than ever during the 2010s. Chapter 8 concentrates on "Emmett Till: Defiant, Fearless," one of the movements from the five-hour-long suite Ten Freedom Summers (2011), for chamber orchestra and Smith's Golden Quartet. Dedicated to a martyr of the civil rights movement, "Emmett Till" is distinguished by its poignant melodies and harmonies, some written in traditional notation and others in Smith's trademark Ankhrasmation language.


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.003.0010
[Black Earth Ensemble;composition;electronics;improvisation;Mandorla Awakening II;Nicole Mitchell;novella]
Chapter 9 turns to next-generation AACM leader Nicole Mitchell. Born in 1967, Mitchell entered the AACM in the 1990s, and a decade later, she became the first woman to serve as the organization's chair. In Mandorla Awakening II, premiered in 2015, Mitchell and the members of her Black Earth Ensemble use acoustic, electric, and electronic instruments from all over the world to depict two societies from a futuristic novella written by the composer herself.


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226820439.003.0011
[Artifacts;composition;improvisation;Mike Reed;Nicole Mitchell;Tomeka Reid]
Sound Experiments concludes with a look at the Artifacts trio, featuring Nicole Mitchell and two of the AACM's younger members, Mike Reed and Tomeka Reid. The Artifacts trio started as a repertory ensemble, playing the compositions of senior AACM figures, then began performing original works by Mitchell, Reed, and Reid—showing how the collective's musical legacy could inspire several more decades of innovation.