Organizing Democracy How International Organizations Assist New Democracies
by Paul Poast and Johannes Urpelainen
University of Chicago Press, 2018
Cloth: 978-0-226-54334-5 | Paper: 978-0-226-54348-2 | Electronic: 978-0-226-54351-2
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226543512.001.0001
ABOUT THIS BOOKAUTHOR BIOGRAPHYREVIEWSTABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS BOOK

In the past twenty-five years, a number of countries have made the transition to democracy. The support of international organizations is essential to success on this difficult path. Yet, despite extensive research into the relationship between democratic transitions and membership in international organizations, the mechanisms underlying the relationship remain unclear.
           
With Organizing Democracy, Paul Poast and Johannes Urpelainen argue that leaders of transitional democracies often have to draw on the support of international organizations to provide the public goods and expertise needed to consolidate democratic rule. Looking at the Baltic states’ accession to NATO, Poast and Urpelainen provide a compelling and statistically rigorous account of the sorts of support transitional democracies draw from international institutions. They also show that, in many cases, the leaders of new democracies must actually create new international organizations to better serve their needs, since they may not qualify for help from existing ones.
 

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Paul Poast is assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Chicago and a research affiliate of the Pearson Institute for the Study of Global Conflicts. He is the author of The Economics of War. Johannes Urpelainen is the Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Professor of Energy, Resources, and Environment in the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University. He is the author or coauthor of four books, including Cutting the Gordian Knot of Economic Reform.

REVIEWS

“Poast and Urpelainen combine insights from comparative politics and international relations with their own cutting-edge research to show that international organizations are instrumental in cementing democracy by providing technical assistance and public goods, as well as a stepping stone to joining more ‘lucrative’ IOs. With clearly written explanations of complex arguments, their book will be a valuable addition to both fields and to practitioners engaged in democracy promotion, especially those who work for or with international organizations.”
— Yoram Haftel, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

"Organizing Democracy provides new insights into the relationship between international organizations and democratization, arguing both that IOs support democratization and that IOs can be created because of the demands of transitional states. Transitional states are often willing but unable to increase public goods provision, and therefore benefit from the support of IOs, even when they must create them. Their novel argument deepens our understanding of the IO-democracy relationship."
 
— Susan D. Hyde, University of California, Berkeley

"Organizing Democracy is an ambitious book. . . . Poast and Urpelainen's exceptional quality of research produces a theoretically insightful and empirically sophisticated volume that will leave an indelible mark on enduring debates about democratization, institutional design, and the link between domestic politics and international systemic factors such as IOs."
 
— Perspectives on Politics

"Poast and Urpelainen provide convincing theoretical insights and robust empirical evidence that shed new light on the challenges faced by democratising states and on how IOs can help address these problems. The proposed argument is nuanced: the authors distinguish between forming and joining an IO, treat democratic consolidation and authoritarian reversal separately, account for the possible mediating effect of military rule legacy in the IO-consolidation relationship, and consider various ways in which a new IO might be created,reformed or remodeled. The empirical analysis is designed in a similarly accurate way. The econometric tests generally support the hypotheses. The in-depth investigation of the case studies is very informative."
 
— Journal of Development Studies

"Organizing Democracy is a careful and diplomatic assessment of how the Baltic States sought to join NATO to provide a security blanket after the trauma of Soviet occupation, and, also, how, albeit from a different perspective, former British colonies in the Caribbean, especially Barbados, gained a seat at the table of liberal democratic regimes."
— Democratization

TABLE OF CONTENTS

- Paul Poast, Johannes Urpelainen
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226543512.003.0001
[democratization;democratic consolidation;NATO expansion;Baltic battalion;international organizations]
This chapter introduces the book's research question: what mechanisms underpin the relationship between democratic transitions and membership in international organizations? It summarizes the argument and evidence, and then outlines the rest of the book. (pages 1 - 18)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Paul Poast, Johannes Urpelainen
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226543512.003.0002
[forming organization;joining organization;accession criteria;stepping-stones]
This chapter begins our theoretical exploration of the link between democracy and international organization membership.The chapter opens by discussing the limitations for newly democratic states on joining existing IOs. For example, accession to the most lucrative existing IOs is often too difficult and demanding for fragile democratizing states. Consequently, transitional democracies are often left with no choice but to form their own IOs. The chapter then argues that while this strategy also presents a variety of challenges, it offers the government of a transitional democracy a feasible strategy for generating tangible benefits and promoting democratic consolidation. In the medium to long term, successful IO formation allows the government of a transitional democracy to seek access to lucrative existing IOs. (pages 21 - 41)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Paul Poast, Johannes Urpelainen
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226543512.003.0003
[consolidation;public good provision;civil-military relations;coups;incumbent takeovers]
This chapter continues our theoretical exploration of the link between democracy and international organization membership.The chapter elaborates on the exact mechanisms by which IOs can and cannot assist democratic consolidation. In doing so, the discussion in this chapter links back to the previous chapter. Understanding the role of IOs in assisting a democratic transition requires understanding the processes by which the democratizing state became an IO member in the first place. The chapter begins by discussing the meaning of democratic consolidation and the influence of domestic conditions on the prospects for successful consolidation. The chapter then argues that the inability of IOs to directly enforce policy is not a reason to discount their importance for democratic consolidation. The chapter details the benefits of IOs for achieving democratic consolidation and connects the challenges of public good provision and governance with the imperative of consolidating democracy. Finally, the chapter links our discussions of domestic political context and IO benefits by considering how a history of military rule can modify the relationship between IO membership and democratic consolidation. (pages 42 - 66)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Paul Poast, Johannes Urpelainen
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226543512.003.0004
[regression analysis;polity data;COW IGO data]
This chapter begins the quantitative evaluation of our theory. Using comprehensive data from the later decades of the twentieth century, the chapter shows that the broad patterns of joining and forming IOs among democratizing states are consistent with our expectations. While democratization does not encourage countries to join existing organizations, there is a strong positive association between democratic transition and IO formation. Furthermore, democratizing countries have a tendency to form the kinds of organizations that best fit the needs of a democratic transition. Overall, these results show that our theory can explain the main patterns in the available data. The chapter begins by presenting empirical implications that, if supported by the data, would support our theoretical claims. The chapter then discusses the data used to measure our two core concepts, IO membership and democratization. After considering some basic patterns in the data, we turn to multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis then accounts for features of the data that can undermine conclusions based on simply observing the data. (pages 69 - 100)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Paul Poast, Johannes Urpelainen
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226543512.003.0005
[split-population model;selection models;consolidate as unobservable]
This chapter continues the quantitative evaluation of our argument by subjecting to empirical evidence the claims that IOs can minimize the need for good fortune by performing mundane tasks that promote democratic consolidation and that IOs lack the coercive capacity necessary to stop autocratic reversals. The evidence shows that IO membership has a strong and positive influence on the prospects of democratic consolidation. But there are limits to what IOs can do for democratizing states. IO membership does nothing to deter authoritarian reversals in the absence of consolidation. Some things, such as preventing autocratic reversals, democratizing states must do for themselves. The chapter begins by offering several empirical implications and then proceeds to quantitatively test these implications. This entails developing a statistical method that accounts for both the self-selection of democratizing states into IOs and the unobservable nature of democratic consolidation. (pages 101 - 122)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Paul Poast, Johannes Urpelainen
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226543512.003.0006
[process tracing;Baltic Battalion;Eastern Europe;post-communism;NATO expansion;Membership Action Program;Partnership for Peace]
This chapter applies process-tracing to the Baltic experience from independence in 1991 to gaining NATO membership in 2004. The chapter begins by discussing the circumstances of the Baltic states immediately upon independence. The Baltics faced an external threat from their former occupier, Russia, which directly threatened to undermine their path to democratic consolidation. Unable to immediately gain the public good of security from the lucrative established IO of NATO, the Baltics chose to form their own security IO with support from the Nordic states. Next, the chapter details how the Baltic and Nordic states agreed that a peacekeeping-oriented IO, the Baltic Battalion, would best serve as a vehicle for quickly bolstering Baltic security. The chapter then explores how the United States, the key player in NATO, began to change its view on Baltic NATO membership following the creation of BALTBAT. The chapter concludes by explaining how the Baltic states, through BALTBAT and NATO-sponsored programs, reformed their militaries, improved civil-military relations, and finally achieved NATO membership. (pages 125 - 158)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Paul Poast, Johannes Urpelainen
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226543512.003.0007
[shadow case studies;OAS;MERCOSUR;CARIFTA;SADC;SADCC;Barbados;Uruguay;Unit for Democracy Promotion]
This chapter offers further qualitative evidence on the link between new democracies and IO formation and demonstrates the broader applicability of our theory.The chapter begins by describing the experiences of the Caribbean states, primarily Barbados, in forming CARIFTA and of the Southern Cone states, primarily Uruguay, in forming Mercosur. Both cases are clear examples of the mechanism highlighted throughout the book: democratizing states creating brand-new IOs. Moreover, both cases continue to illustrate how this process is assisted by established democracies. Canada, the United States, and Britain assisted CARIFTA, while the established democracies of the EU supported Mercosur. Next, the chapter moves to a case of remodeling and a case of reforming. Remodeling will be illustrated by the South African Development Community, while reforming will be illustrated by the OAS and its Unit for Democracy Promotion. Overall, these cases show how the IOs offered technical and material assistance in the provision of public goods. IO membership is not a panacea, but IOs do increase the odds of democratic consolidation. (pages 159 - 184)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Paul Poast, Johannes Urpelainen
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226543512.003.0008
[credible commitments;Dwight Eisenhower;NATO;Ukraine;Orange Revolution;CEFTA;Visegrad countries;BLACK-BAT]
This chapter summarizes the book’s findings and reflects on their implications for how scholars and policy makers understand IOs, democratic transitions, and the relationship between the two. The chapter describes how this study speaks to research on leaders credibly committing to domestic reforms, the origins of democratization, and the development of democratic institutions. The chapter then considers implications of this study for current policy, using the recent crisis in Ukraine to explore how established democracies can encourage democratizing states to form new IOs and provide material support to those newly created IOs. (pages 185 - 200)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...