本文主要在於模擬不可壓縮非牛頓流體,自鉛直的毛細管或孔洞,承受時變的起始壓力下的流出情形。本文設定不同形式的時變壓力梯度與流體特性,模擬具自由邊界軸對稱的液滴,並假設初使流場狀態為靜止,突然施加時變壓力梯度至液滴流場。本文採用FLOW-3D計算流力模式,使用半隱性有限差分法(Semi-Implicit Finite-Difference)配合體積分率法(Fractional Volume of Fluid, VOF)與自由網格法(Fractional Area/Volume Obstacle Representation, FAVOR),為了節省計算時間與加速趨近數值解,使用了鬆弛法(Successive Over-Relaxation, SOR)來求解動量方程式之數值近似解。數值結果可觀察出液體在流出毛細管或孔洞其自由表面的演變,提供滴管動力一個易於理解的說明,並可得在不同的壓力梯度定義下液滴內的速度與壓力場圖,並進一步求得流體體積與時間之關係,以提供液體控制系統之參考。 關鍵詞:自由表面、液滴、有限差分法、體積分率法
The main objective of this study is to simulate the dynamics of a droplet of incompressible non-Newtonian fluids from a vertical capillary tube or an orifice into an ambient gas. The study simulates an axisymmetric drop with a free surface in suddenly applied time-dependent pressure gradients. The droplet is initially at rest, then a time-dependent pressure gradient is suddenly imposed on the fluid. The momentum equations are solved numerically by using Semi-Implicit Finite-Difference Method, Fractional Volume of Fluid Method and Fractional Area/Volume Obstacle Representation Method. To speed up the convergence of numerical iterations, we use Successive Over-Relaxation Method. Numerical solutions show that the evolution of free surface gives a comprehensive image to the capillary tube dynamics. It also shows the developing velocity and pressure profiles under different kinds of pressure gradients. The study also considers further the relation between volume of fluid and time to provide references to the flow control system of the micropipette. Keywords: Free Surface, Droplet, Finite-Difference Method, Fractional Volume Fluid Method.