日本陸軍士官學校的中國留學生－以第一至第十一期畢業生為中心的分析

日本陸軍士官學校畢業的中國留學生，不論在近代中國軍事、政治史，或是近代中日交流、外交史等研究上，皆為相當重要的課題。培養近代中國軍事人才的四大機制中，最早確立的即為日本陸軍士官學校之中國留學生制度。清末各省講武堂等軍事學校、民初成立之保定陸軍軍官學校，以及國共合作產物－黃埔陸軍軍官學校，這三者聘任的師資，或多或少都仰賴日本陸軍士官學校之中國留學生。留日士官生漸次投入近代中國軍事教育最前線，這對近代中國軍事教育的永續經營，以及國家生存發展之獨立自主等方面，均有頗大貢獻。中國武備留學生在經過成城學校或振武學校的預備軍事教育，再接受日本陸軍士官學校的正式軍事教育薰陶後，學成歸國，他們為中國的軍事近代化帶來了相當深遠的影響，包括參謀制度到軍政、軍令二元制的建立，秋季野戰演習的實施，及對各級軍事學校的經營各方面。此外，南方革命勢力、袁世凱、段祺瑞及張作霖等四股勢力對留日士官生的拉攏與重用，除為這些勢力的當權者帶來一定的政治利益或軍事效益外，也反映了留日士官生各自的政治傾向。

關鍵字

清末民初；日本陸軍士官學校；中國武備留學生；中國的軍事近代化；南方革命勢力；北洋保守勢力

並列摘要

Study of Chinese overseas graduates of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy is an important topic in research on Chinese military history and political history, and in research on Sino-Japanese relations, history of foreign affairs. That is because, of the four major sources to educate China's military talent, the earliest to be established was the Chinese overseas student system of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. The teachers appointed to the provincial military schools of the late Qing, the early republican period Baoding Military Academy, as well as the Whampoa Military Academy, which was established as a result of the First United Front, more or less relied on Chinese overseas students supplied by the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. The gradual participation of these overseas students on the forefront of China's military education made a considerably large contribution to the lasting operation of China's military education, as well as developing independent national survival. These Chinese overseas students passed through and completed preparatory military education at Seijou Preparatory School or Sinbu Preparatory School, as well as the formal military education of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. After they returned home, it can be said they brought about a deep and lasting influence on the modernization of China's military. Regardless whether it is in the establishment of the system of staff to the dualism of military administration and military command, or in the implementation of the Autumnal Field Maneuvers, as well as in the operations of each level of military school, we can see the influence of these overseas students. In addition, the influence of the Southern Revolutionary Power, Yuan Shikai (袁世凱, 1859-1916), Duan Qirui (段祺瑞, 1865-1936), and Zhang Zuolin (張作霖, 1875-1928)in attracting Chinese overseas students of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and placing them into important positions, aside from the political and military benefits, also reflected the political leaning of each overseas student.