The acceleration of urbanization has led to increasingly serious casualties and property losses caused by natural disasters, while also exposing issues such as unreasonable and inefficient allocation of emergency resources. This article elaborates on the location selection of urban emergency resources, prediction of disaster point demand, construction of emergency resource scheduling models, and application of intelligent optimization algorithms by consulting relevant literature. It analyzes some problems in current emergency resource research and summarizes the key points that need to be broken through in future research.