Learning how to work in multicultural teams: students' insights on the internationalisation-at-home activities.

Internationalization-at-home activities present relevant opportunities for innovation in the teaching-learning process. These activities provide a very broad set of advantages, including the development of soft skills and increased motivation of students. This article aims to contribute to the debate on internationalization of higher education institutions by exploring students’ perceptions and experiences after participating in an international collaboration project involving 153 students in 5 universities in Germany, Mexico, Portugal, Scotland and the United States of America during the Fall/Winter semester 2017. The focus of this study is students’ satisfaction and perceptions. Results demonstrate that although students found the idea of collaborating with peers from other universities very appealing, high levels of satisfaction depended on commitment, both their own and that of their peers. The feelings during the project were predominantly positive, although students recognized that they should have communicated more with their partners and put more effort in the collaboration. This article provides useful evidence for instructors that are considering an international collaboration activity for their students. It demonstrates the deliverables of such initiatives as well as the clear advantage gained by receiving students’ feedback. Hopefully it will inspire other instructors and contribute to the diffusion of international collaboration as a teaching-learning practice.

with the new developments and demands of the labour market. This initiative mandates that HEI find ways to help students develop the fundamental competencies and knowledge that are becoming a prerequisite for employment for graduates in the 21st century. It is clear that curricula have to be designed in order to teach multiple skills at the same time (World Economic Forum, 2015).
Traditionally, global awareness and intercultural communication skills have been developed by programs such as study abroad. However, study abroad is often cost-prohibitive for many students. Additionally, as Kitcharoen (2011) noted: When considering international programs aboard as a means to internationalization, it does not affect enough students to make much of an impact. The second problem is that study abroad programs do not typically encourage students to engage meaningfully with members of their host communities. Finally, the majority of students in international programs avoid challenging themselves to cross multiple boundaries of difference (p. 303).
One answer to help students gain these internationalization competencies, therefore, is to incorporate activities within the curriculum that will necessitate students to challenge themselves to interact with members of other cultures. The Internationalization at Home (IaH) movement is one initiative aimed at developing these types of activities.
This article analyses an IaH project that aimed at developing a diversified set of skills, including communication and collaboration competencies, and character qualities such as persistence, adaptability, and especially social and cultural awareness. This article argues that IaH is particularly relevant to the current demanding context with which graduates will be dealing when they enter the labour market. As emphasised by the World Economic Forum (2016), long-term careers and professional success are dependent on a wider set of skills, among which developing global citizenship values plays an important role. As demonstrated in the following sections, IaH offers a favourable setting to develop communication, intercultural, and collaboration skills of students. Recognizing the importance of student satisfaction to leverage the outcomes of these initiatives, this article explores a set of factors that are expected to be associated with it.

Background
Internationalization of HEI has been a recurrent discussion topic in the past decades. Aiming at preparing students for a globalized world, HEI have been adopting several strategies including international mobility of students, instructors, and staff, international projects, intercultural curricula, double degrees, just to name a few. In general, HEI internationalization encompasses the integration of international and intercultural dimensions in the teaching process (Knight, 1997;2004) by developing culture, attitudes and practices that foster the adoption of cross-cultural approaches into their various intervention areas (Jones, 2013a). As highlighted by several authors (e.g., Brandenburg & De Wit, 2011;De Wit, 2011;2013a), internationalization should not be seen as a goal in itself. In fact, internationalization should be seen as a process, the goal being the improvement of the quality of education and research (De Wit, 2011) and thus a vehicle for achieving wider goals (Jones, 2013a). Knight (2012) suggests that HEI internationalization is organized into two interdependent types of strategies: at home and abroad initiatives. Students' and instructors' mobility is quite well known and has been the object of continuous investment by national and international organizations, such as the Erasmus+ European Pro-Learning How to Work in Multicultural Teams 206 gramme, which is expected to finance the mobility of 5 million individuals in the period 2014-2020. By contrast, IaH is less visible, and apparently less utilized in HEI. Still, there is a clear recognition of the positive impacts that strategies such as internationalization at home may achieve, and they have an unbeatable advantage in the unlimited number of students they can reach. Beelen and Jones (2015) explain that IaH aims to develop international and intercultural competences in all students, not only in the ones able to do mobility, and does not require the presence of international students. They define internationalization at home as "the purposeful integration of international and intercultural dimensions into the formal and informal curriculum for all students within domestic learning environments" (Beelen & Jones, 2015, p. 76). According to Knight (2012), internationalization at home is done by "including intercultural and international dimensions in the teaching/learning process, research, extracurricular activities, relationships with local cultural and ethnic community groups, and integration of foreign students and scholars into the campus life and activities" (p. 34). Hence, Knight (2012) organizes IaH into six strategies: • Curriculum and programs, which include for instance joint degrees, foreign language studies and including intercultural dimensions in existing courses; • Teaching/learning process, namely by exploring the cultural diversity within the classroom, and virtual mobility for joint courses and research projects, international case studies; • Research and scholarly activities, such as international research projects, participation in international conferences and seminars, and international co-authorship of scientific articles; • Co-curricular activities, like seminars and international leadership development programs; • Extracurricular activities, including student associations, intercultural events, or peer support programs; • Liaison with local community based cultural/ethnic groups, comprising both the involvement of students in local organizations (e.g., internships) and the participation of local cultural and ethnic representatives in campus activities. Soria and Troisi (2014) have suggested that students' development of international, intercultural and global competencies in IaH yields greater perceived benefits than studying abroad. Moreover, Jones (2013b) argued that soft skills developed through IaH are compatible to the skills sought by employers. Therefore, IaH involves a strategy that should be widely adopted by instructors in order to benefit as many students as possible.
Using the findings of these studies, along with the statement from Vincenti (2001) that the greatest way to affect a change in student attitudes toward and awareness of those in other countries and cultures was "direct intergroup contact" (p.42), the authors of this article argue that an assignment wherein students from classrooms in several countries were forced to work together for an extended period of time leads to student satisfaction. As such, this article proposes one research question: what factors impact students' satisfaction with such a project?
Students' satisfaction is one of the topics that deserves particular attention by extant literature on virtual teams.
One of the reasons is that there is evidence that face-to-face group assignments have higher satisfaction levels than virtual team assignments even in the case of similar perceived performance (Ayoko, Konrad & Boyle, 2012;Whitman et al., 2005). Johnson, Aragon, Shaik, and Palma-Rivas (2000) stress that approaching student satisfaction in online and face-to-face learning environments should consider multiple explaining variables, Barbosa,Swartz,Luck et al. 207 stressing the diversity of factors that affect satisfaction. This article focus particularly on two of such factors: commitment and emotions.
Emotions in general, either positive (e.g., happiness, pride) and negative (e.g., shame, guilt) have been shown to affect team performance (Peslak & Stanton, 2007). In students' narratives shared by Ku, Tseng, and Akarasriworn (2013) after participating in an online collaborative learning project, several emotions were associated with satisfaction, including enjoyment, surprise, and not feeling lonely. Moreover, Ayoko, Konrad, and Boyle (2012) found humor as the most common emotion shared in the virtual teams they studied. As such, positive emotions seem more associated to satisfaction. Still, negative emotions such as frustration, are common in the initial stages of team assignments (Ayoko, Konrad, & Boyle, 2012), and expected to be overcome during the project. Indeed, in another study Peslak (2005) found that even at the start of the project dominant emotions are positive, noting that initial emotions did not have much effect on the project outcomes. The importance of emotions in online team success is therefore stressed by several authors. One point made clear by extant literature is that there are insufficient studies considering students' emotions during team assignments (Ayoko, Konrad, & Boyle, 2012;Peslak, 2005), particularly in the case of virtual teams.
Moreover, Whitman et al. (2005) found that one of the difficulties faced by students participating in virtual teams was perceived poor commitment from team partners. Similarly, Koh, and Hill (2009) found that one of the factors relevant to the students participating in virtual team projects was the perceived motivation of group members, being the perceived sense of community the greatest difference between satisfied and unsatisfied participants in online team projects. Werner and Lester (2001) also found evidence on the positive association between commitment and satisfaction. So, and as explained by Pineda and Lerner (2006) the literature points to a positive relationship between teamwork satisfaction and commitment, as well as with skill enhancement. One aspect overlooked by extant literature is the comparison between perceived self-commitment and others' commitment, which will be further explored in the next sections.
In line with these contributions, the following research hypotheses (RH) were defined: RH1. Student satisfaction with a multicultural team project is positively associated with positive emotions.
RH2. Student satisfaction with a multicultural team project is positively associated with team members' perceived commitment.

Method
Sensitive to the specific requirements on business graduates that result from globalization, instructors in five countries (Germany, Mexico, Portugal, Scotland, and the USA) designed a set of activities for an internationalization at home project for their students in the fall semester of 2017. The courses had different topics, different areas of knowledge, and different assessment criteria. To provide diversity to the experience and to simulate what students will find in their future professional activities, the instructors ensured that each team contained members with varying levels of abilities as well as expertise in different areas.

The Participants
Fifty German students had the opportunity to collaborate with their Portuguese, Scottish and American peers.
The German teams were made up of seated undergraduate students of Business Administration (sophomores) taking part in an elective "Working in Multicultural Teams" and Applied Computer Sciences (freshmen) taking part in a compulsory Business Communication course. The German students possessed upper-intermediate English language skills, and included a large number from Northern Africa or those raised in families of non-German ethnic origins. The collaboration with their foreign counterparts was the subject of a written report in the form of a memorandum as well as a presentation and encompassed 50% of their grades.
In Portugal, this project involved a total of thirty-four students enrolled in the module Digital Marketing as part of their final undergraduate studies in Marketing. Each student participated in two IaH activities, one in collaboration with Germany, and another with Mexico. Each assignment accounted for 20% of the final grade.
The Mexican students (twelve in total) were in their very first semester of undergraduate studies in International Business in the English modality. They were part of a larger group, but they were invited to participate in the project, explaining that full-commitment was expected from them. The collaboration was an essential part of their course grade.

The Scottish teams involved twenty both seated and online students of Corporate Communication and Public
Affairs and Fashion Management. They represented a range of cultural, ethnic, academic and professional backgrounds, and were undertaking a postgraduate module in public relations theory and practice as part of a wider MSc course of study. The collaboration was an add-on and thus not reflected in their course grade.
Students from the USA, forty in total, were enrolled in graduate programs in two areas, Masters of Health Administration and Masters of Business Administration; they were professionals seeking to further their careers and were taking part in either seated or online courses in Organizational Communication. Many of them had families. They were diverse in terms of ethnic as well as regional backgrounds. Participation in the project was reflected in a final memorandum, which counted towards their final grades with varying percentages.

The Assignments
German, Scottish and American students investigated potential difficulties that companies experienced on the foreign market, such as ALDI or LIDL in the United States, HUGO BOSS in the UK or Walkers Shortbread in Germany. These difficulties could encompass brand recognition, human resource policies or competitors. Students were expected to analyze these difficulties with the help of modals such PESTLE or SWOT and agree on possible solutions. Their analyses as well as suggestions for changes were presented to the classroom; the other students functioning as a board of directors and ideally subjecting the presenters to critical questioning.
In the case of the Portuguese and Mexican classes, the assignment was adapted to better fit the syllabus and learning objectives. Portuguese students worked together with German students to create marketing campaigns designed to attract retired Germans to Portugal as well as draw Portuguese graduates to Germany for employment. Their project had a creative nature (designing a video ad), and German partners helped define the target market and the strategy. The Mexican-Portuguese assignment was to develop a business plan for a printed magazine locally distributed in Colima, México. The students worked in teams of three and the data collected by each team along with the plan was shared online with two Portuguese teams, which in turn used that information to develop an e-mail marketing campaign for the relaunch of the magazine. The outputs were presented to the CEO of the magazine.

Data Collection Procedures
At the end of the activities, students were invited to share their opinions, comments, and suggestions by answering an online survey. The questions included information on the respondents' profile (age, gender, and nationality), their English language skills (from 1 -bad to 5 -very good and 6 -native speaker), their level of commitment as well as their perceived level of team members and international partners' commitment (from 1very low to 5 -very high), their evaluation of the activity in terms of overall satisfaction and other particular aspects (interesting, relevant, fun, difficult, time consuming, boring, valuable) measured in a 5-point Likert-type scale (from 1 -very low to 5 very high), and the frequency they felt positive (e.g., calm, joyful, proud) and negative (e.g., guilty, anxious, lonely), with answers ranging from 1 -never to 5 -all the time. The survey also fea- Ethical principles for doing scientific research were applied, including guaranteeing that the survey was anonymous, confidential, and voluntary. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved specifications and policies were strictly followed. Quantitative data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 24. Content analysis of qualitative data was also performed.

Sample
Ninety-seven students agreed to provide feedback on the IaH activities they had participated in. Their ages

Quantitative data analysis
Globally, the level of satisfaction was high (M = 3.55; Mdn = 4), attesting to the success of the activity. Considering the scores for the different universities (see Table 1), Colima's students stand out as being the most satis- comparisons using the Tukey HSD test indicated that satisfaction amongst Mexicans was significantly higher than the Mainz students, being the only statistically significant difference with a 95% confidence level. One of the factors expected to impact satisfaction was the level of English language proficiency, considering that the communication amongst teams was an essential factor for everyone's performance. As mentioned by Barbosa,Swartz,Luck et al. 211 Interpersona 2019, Vol. 13 (2) Whitman et al., (2005), the fact that not all students are English native speakers poses additional challenges to communication, which ultimately may affect the success of the projects and satisfaction of participants. The activity had native and non-native English speakers, and only one class was not taught in English (Aveiro). Results did not corroborate that the level of satisfaction was contingent on students' English language proficiency.
Although native English speakers scored higher satisfaction (M = 3.62, SD = 0.898), participants with a very good level of English (M= 3.48; SD = 0.962) were less satisfied with the IaH activity as compared to the participants with good (M = 3.55, SD = 1.150) and basic English language skills (M = 3.56; SD = 1.014). ANOVA did not indicate significant differences on satisfaction depending on the level of language proficiency, F(3.93) = 0,80, p = .971.
Looking more closely at these factors (Table 1), the students that found the collaboration activity more interest- . It is important to stress, however, that ANOVA tests indicated that these differences are not statistically significant except for relevance to the students' learning process, F(4, 92) = 4.294, p = .003. In this particular case, post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test confirms that responses by Colima students were significantly higher than Mainz students.
Once again, English language proficiency did not seem to be an important factor for these ratings. The activity was considered more relevant for the learning process by the respondents that reported having basic English language skills (M = 4.11). They were also the ones who considered the activity more time consuming (M = 3.78), more boring (M = 2.56), but also the least difficult (M = 2.89). Still, the data collected did not show statistically significant differences in most cases. ANOVA test enabled identifying statistically significant differences only regarding boredom, F(3, 93) = 2.165, p = .037, and Tukey HDS test indicated that good English language speakers were significantly the least bored than basic English speakers.
Another factor that one would expect to be associated to satisfaction is the commitment to the activity. Considering the Spearman's correlation indicators (Table 2), satisfaction is particularly associated to international partners' perceived commitment, r(97) = .578, p < .001 and team members' perceived commitment, r(97) = .518, p < .001, while the correlation with self-commitment is weaker, r(97) = .352, p < .001.
Interestingly, as shown in Table 1 Moreover, and as shown in    Barbosa,Swartz,Luck et al. 213 Interpersona 2019, Vol. 13 (2) findings provide empirical support to both research hypotheses formulated for this study (RH1 and RH2), although demonstrating that the associations of satisfaction with emotions and commitment are rich, as evidenced by the interesting differences found (e.g, differences amongst emotions, and between commitment of the respondent, national and international partners. Comparing responses from different universities also provides interesting cues on the outcomes of the project, and offers indications for more favourable settings for IaH activities. Colima's first semester students stood out as the ones evaluating the activity more favourably and being more committed.

Qualitative Data Analysis
Overall, there was a dominant sense of approval towards IaH. As one of the participants summarized: "the idea itself is very appealing" (Male, Mainz). Even in cases where they were disappointed with the results, some students made proactive comments, as for instance one of the moderately satisfied students stated: "I liked the learning aspect of international project. Although things did not go as smoothly as I would have liked them to, this was a great learning exercise" (Male, Robert Gordon). One aspect that they liked the most was the innovativeness and novelty of the activity; they considered it to be a "unique opportunity" (Female, Pfeiffer) in their academic course. Technology made it possible for them to work with "people from a different part of the world" (Female, Pfeiffer), and they actually felt "the world being smaller" (Female, Pfeiffer) because of the international teams that were created. Students noticed the wider range of skills that were being developed during this activity. As one of the respondents pointed out, she was able to "learn what you can't from books" (Female, Mainz).
In terms of the characteristics of the project, students pointed out the differences in expertise between partners that enabled better outputs for the assignment proposed by the instructors. Therefore, they recognized the added value of working with students from very different courses. Another aspect related to the assignment was working with a "real scenario" (Female, Colima), as they started with a real-life problem and had to present solutions to the company's manager.
Interaction with partners was one of the aspects that students liked the most. They mentioned the opportunity to interact with what they considered a culturally different group, and learning about their culture. Interaction made them more confident when communicating with people from other cultures. Students also enjoyed being able to discuss cultural differences openly, and this resulted in "getting a view of things from several different perspectives" (Female, Pfeiffer), finding "different meanings" (Female, Mainz) within multicultural groups, and going through the "different ideas each person presented" (Female, Pfeiffer). They were able to verify cultural identities, mentioning that "others are different from myself" (Female, Pfeiffer). The empathy created with partners was also a positive aspect that was highlighted by the students. They mentioned the atmosphere between the members of the intercultural group as friendly and inviting, resulting in a more positive experience. This gave rise to stronger collaboration and to team spirit. Participants mentioned that they had "a good time together" (Male, Mainz) with their international partners, resulting not only in "creating new contacts" (Male, Mainz) but also in "creating bonds" (Female, Portugal).
Differences in time zones were a noticeable difficulty. Students provided examples thereof, including finding the right time to communicate and getting everyone online for a videoconference. They had to negotiate, make compromises, and sometimes just accept being disappointed and unable to meet everyone on the team. In fact, several students were upset that not all collaborators participated in the meetings. Team management was also challenging, namely because students had to define intermediate deadlines together with their international partners. Problems in team management were not confined to dealing with international partners and also occurred within each team. Some students mentioned that the main difficulty involved their team members at their university, while others recognized that there was a lack of participation from members on both sides. In some cases, they just waited "for who to communicate first" (Female, Robert Gordon), denoting a clear lack of motivation, despite the fact that the videoconferences were mandatory and in most cases had to be video-recorded. Communication difficulties were also quite common, related both to technology and the language barriers. Students found it harder to work only remotely, as well as to communicate with people with different levels of English language proficiency. Moreover, the communication process itself was difficult at times, because of delayed responses, unanswered messages -resulting from time differences, lack of planning, and failing to meet schedules previously agreed. For instance, one of the students wrote that "the other team was unresponsive" (Female, Pfeiffer) and "the counterparts weren't interested" (Male, Mainz).
Students also included among the main difficulties some characteristics of the project, namely international teams having different tasks and different deadlines for their final assignment, and the "level of education" (Female, Aveiro) of the partners being very different -for instance in the cases of final year students that were working with others that had just entered university. Students also recognized it was difficult to put in practice what they have learned. Another obvious difficulty was not being able to meet -although inherent to the project, students frequently felt that things would be much easier if they could just meet personally once or twice. Another difficulty related to the design of the project was the (lack of) assessment for some participants.
As explained by one of the students: "As there was not a mark, the effort of most of the team members was minimum. That was also because the group did not feel close. I felt really discouraged because I had to work alone, also if I've tried to involve them" (Female, Robert Gordon).
Not surprisingly, when asked what they would do differently, students often agreed that they would improve their communication strategies: participating in more meetings with their international partners, using alternative means of communication such as texting and exchanging phone numbers, or simply being more interactive with the foreign partners. Students also recognized that they could have improved negotiation of and adaptation to others' ideas, been more creative with the solutions found, and planned better in order to make sure that all members participated actively. Students also suggested that putting more time and effort in the activity and preparing themselves more would have helped overcome the difficulties. Some agreed that they needed leader- ship in the teams from the start, suggesting that in a future activity they would take on that task themselves, or just assign one that could move the team forward. As one of the students wrote "I wouldn't do anything different, just everything better" (Female, Aveiro). Thus, the common topic was more interaction and taking more from this collaboration opportunity. One students summarized: "Enjoy more the opportunity of working with foreign students" (Female, Aveiro). Another student added: "I will put more effort to try and speak more with them about everything not just for the work" (Male, Colima), realizing that the outcomes of the experience are far greater than the assignment.
Still, there were also signs of resentment, with students affirming that they would not work with the foreign partners they had, or that they would just work on their own with the classmates, ignore the international partners, or simply avoid these kind of activities. One of the respondents suggested that instructors should "ask the students if they wanted to do the collaboration" (Male, Mainz).

Discussion
The development of intercultural communication, confidence, and project management skills in a global context are vital knowledge, skills, and abilities for employers now and in the future. IaH initiatives such as the one analysed in this article provide affordable and more democratic means to develop intercultural competencies, innovate, and develop a wider set of skills besides the ones directly related to the syllabus. This study demonstrates that the collaboration created synergies between the competences and knowledge of the different classes, and teamwork was developed on the basis of excelling the outputs as a result of the complementary hard skills developed in each class. However, it also included some specific demands and needed skills that the students were not used to complying with and had to develop, such as dealing with different time zones and communication constraints, being unable to do face-to-face meetings, collaborating entirely online, and asynchronously most of the time, dealing with people from various cultures, academic backgrounds and even levels of motivation, just to name a few. IaH initiatives require students to leave their comfort zones, to be more flexible, and to interact with other people.
Considering the additional amount of time it takes to prepare and to manage, one would expect clearer deliverables in terms of student satisfaction. Nevertheless, adapting to a new context with very specific demands takes time, and many students recognized that they did not make the most out of the activities -many were disappointed with themselves and willing to commit more in future opportunities. These remarks demonstrate that students learned far more than what might be expressed by their performance during the activities and are quite important for assessing the activity, leading us to advise detailed student scrutiny of IaH initiatives or any other innovative teaching and learning strategies. This article argues that subjecting the project to students' scrutiny after it ends elicits particularly valuable feedback for instructors and students alike. Instructors may better understand the strengths and weaknesses of the project, assess whether goals were accomplished, and gain important insights for future endeavours. Instructors need information to help prevent roadblocks and understand why one project worked and another did not. Discussing this was a vital part of the learning process which made the project worthwhile. More importantly, going through students' perspectives is essential to completing their learning process, as students' disclosure, analyses and discussion help them reflect on what they have learned and understand other strategies that they could have taken to deal with the difficulties they had faced. Even the consistent theme of "I wish I'd taken the project more seriously" indicates that the project was a success; it remains in their minds that intercultural communication requires work -but that it offers opportunity if one is willing to embrace it.
Interestingly, the students that seem more open to IaH are the ones with some intercultural background, namely the ones that are used to travelling to different environments. During IaH projects it became apparent that students without this kind of experience embraced the project with fear and trepidation. This suggests that these students were firmly locked into not only their national culture but also their local culture, and that they may not have felt comfortable asking for advice from instructors and colleagues. Yet both student profiles seemed to experience personal growth as a result of the project.
Recommendations for instructors considering designing their first IaH initiative include starting with a small project that relates to a fundamental part of the syllabus defined for the class. This will have the additional advantage of making students understand the close connections between theory and practice. Including business partners in the project (e.g., a company, a sectorial organization) is more demanding but increases the commitment of students and their motivation throughout the project. Moreover, coordination is essential to success.
This means careful planning, but also attention to detail, such as very precise and common intermediate dead- lines, a mandatory number of interactions, and providing a very clear framework for the project which is understood consistently across the different student groups involved. Nevertheless, projects usually take on a life of their own, and results depend on students' profiles and levels of motivation. It is advisable that benefits from both an academic and employment perspective are emphasized to the class. The percentage of the grade attributed to the project is also an important motivator, even for students particularly interested in developing transversal skills.
De Wit (2011) emphasized that there is a clear need to test intercultural and international competences, instead of assuming that they are acquired in internationalization activities. In fact, their success should be carefully assessed, demonstrating the actual outcomes and providing a better understanding of the factors that explain the initiatives' efficacy. Therefore, our suggestions are twofold: not only do we strongly recommend the proliferation of IaH activities, but we also urge instructors to fully document the outcomes of those activities, in order to contribute to collective learning and the development of best practices. Suggestions for future research include considering additional explaining variables such as intercultural background and international traveling experience, which were beyond the scope of this study. It is important to note that the results of this study demand further replication in order to be generalized. It would be interesting that future research included participants from other countries and continents (e.g., Asia).

Funding
The authors have no funding to report.