Inventar socijalnih veština kod zdravstvenih radnika na teritoriji grada Loznice Social skills inventory in health care workers in the city of Loznica

Introduction: Social skills inventory is a measure used to evaluate two dimensions of communicational skills: emotional (non-verbal), and social (verbal). Each dimension evaluates three categories: expressiveness, sensibility, and control. Objective: We wanted to find out if there was a statistically significant difference in social skills, in health workers, in the city of Loznica. We hypothesized there weren`t any differences in social skills inventories of men and women working in primary and secondary healthcare levels. Method: The participants were given the SSI (Social skills inventory) questionnaire. It contained 90 questions, divided into 6 categories. The total number of the participants (employees of the primary and secondary health care institutions in the city of Loznica) was 76, of whom 51 were women and 25 men, and their age ranged from 25 to 65. A university level of education had 47 participants, 4 had a college degree, and 25 had a high school degree. The inferential statistics ( t-test ) was used for data analysis. Results: After data analysis, based on statistical data handling ( t-test of independent categories for singular samples ) we got a p<0.05 for expressiveness, and it was more prominent in male participants and behavioral control in female participants. The p-value for the total score for social skills was p>0.05, which bore no statistical significance. There was no statistically significant difference in the total score of the inventory of social skills between male and female health care workers. Though, there was a statistically significant gender difference in expressiveness, in favor of men, and social control, in favor of women. Conclusion: The total score, after testing the inventory of social skills of health workers in Loznica, showed there was no statistically significant difference between men and women, but the level of expressiveness and behavioral control showed a statistically significant difference.


Introduction
Social intelligence is a set of social communication skills, which include criteria for social adjustment. The ability to accurately evaluate the emotional state of other persons leads to better functionality and improves relationships with other people. Basic social skills include sending, receiving, and regulating, that is to say, control of interpersonal communication. These three skill categories act in two domainsemotional, including non-verbal communication, and social, including verbal communication.
Social skills arise as a result of learning and development, forming in different social environments in which a person affirms himself during life. Emotional intelligence has a key role in our lives because it influences our mood, making the right decision, motivation, stability, level-headedness, resourcefulness, adaptability. Emotional intelligence enables control of own experience, and every control is important in the business environment. Thus, it`s ahead of mental intelligence, which is not sufficient for good business results. Emotionally intelligent people have got a sound perception of their own and other people`s emotions providing that way successful social functioning 1 .
Both, facial expression and prosodic acoustic characteristics represent paralinguistic communication characteristics. Mentally disabled persons are having trouble in detecting emotions, facial, and vocal expressions 2 .
Social and emotional skills enable successful leaders in all walks of life, and medicine as well, to cause emotions in their employees such as compassion, admiration, and anger. They can motivate their followers, in five simple steps, to channel the emotions that produce action resulting in outcomes such as trust and positive influence. It enables the leader to continue the cycle of causing emotions again. The research of leadership skills, including emotional and social, is a part of the special psychology field 3 .

Objective
We aimed at determining whether there was a statistically significant difference in social skills between males and females working in primary and secondary healthcare level, in the city of Loznica. We hypothesized there was a difference in social skills inventory between male and female healthcare workers.
of the primary and secondary health care institutions in the city of Loznica) was 76, of whom 51 were women and 25 men, and their age ranged from 25 to 65. A university level of education had 47 participants, 4 had a college degree, and 25 had a high school degree.
Emotional expressiveness measures one`s ability to communicate non-verbally, especially when sending emotional messages. It also measures the expression of non-verbal attitudes, dominance, and interpersonal communication.
Emotional sensitivity measures the skill of receiving and interpreting other people`s emotions. Emotionally sensitive people precisely interpret their subtle emotions, and highly emotionally sensitive people experience it with empathy.
Emotional control measures the ability to regulate one`s emotions and non-verbal display.
Social expressiveness measures the skill of verbal expression, and the ability to include others in communication.
High values of social expressiveness are connected with high verbal ability and in the setting of the low verbal control, they may speak without following the content.
Social sensitivity evaluates the ability to interpret the verbal communication of other people. Socially sensitive persons are aware of the appropriateness of their actions.
Social control evaluates the ability of role-playing and social self-presentation. These persons look skillful, tactical, and self-confident.
The table shows the mean values for males and females, for all six categories. We calculated the measures of central tendency and variability, and then tested the starting primary hypothesis, and secondary hypotheses about the connection between singular social categories between these two groups, using a t-test for independent samples.

Graph. 1. Social skills inventory of healthcare workers
Dobijene ukupne vrednosti inventara socijalnih veština za muškarce i žene prikazane su u Tabeli 2. The total values of social skills inventories of males and females are shown in Table 2.
Stres svakako utiče na socijalne i emocionalne komponente psihe zdravstvenih radnika, ali solidne veštine u ovom and females, but there was a significant difference between genders in expressiveness in favor of males, and social control in favor of female participants. Analyzing the total value of emotional category, or non-verbal communication, we got p=0.441, and for verbal communication p=0.509, which bore no statistical significance.

Discussion
The social skills inventory may be used as a tool for the assessment and help in the treatment of those with social skills deficits. These patients feel lonely, shy, inadequate, inferior, which is inversely proportional with the score of the social skills inventory value. Also, this inventory may be useful in marriage counseling, as well as when hiring new employees.
The total value of the inventory of social skills is the valid indicator of social intelligence, unlike its singular components. Based on expressiveness it is possible to conclude whether a person may have positive characteristics, but if he has low emotional and social control, he`ll soon be considered as a person with bad manners.
Patients` receptiveness and assimilation to physicians may be influenced by expressiveness, sensitivity, and emotion control by physicians themselves. Consistent with their needs, patients decide on their own which different characteristics and gender their physician will be.
In some American studies, women were found to be more expressive and sensitive than men, while men were more in emotion control. Our research showed that in the population of healthcare workers we examined, it was quite the opposite. Women had a higher score in the categories of emotional and social control and men in the expressiveness categories. There was no significant difference in sensitivity between genders, either in the group of verbal or non-verbal categories.
Social skills condition the leadership skills. Self-respect and self-efficacy are important for those and they are influenced by authoritative figures such as parents, teachers, and friends. In the early life phases, adolescence period it was evident that the leadership positions were taken by women, which was not the case in adulthood [6][7][8] .
The study with 564 participants confirmed that work autonomy had a stronger influence on business effect if the participant`s status was higher, but it wasn`t status dependent if the employee had high social intelligence. 9 Anxiety, burnout, and depression in healthcare workers are connected with social skills and have got negative interrelationship. This was shown in the Brasilian study performed at the University hospital on 305 participiants. It confirmed the social skills were the protective factor against burnout and emotional disbalance in stressful conditions 10 .

Zaključak
Ukupan skor nakon testiranja inventara socijalnih veština zdravstvenih radnika na nivou primarne i sekundarne zdravstvene zaštite na teritoriji Loznice, ukazao je da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika između muškaraca i žena, dok na nivou ekspresivnosti i kontrole postoji statistički značajna razlika. component of the healthcare workers` psyche, but solid skills in this activity may protect them against burnout syndrome and other functional difficulties, no matter what their gender was. It was conclusive from our study as well.
Besides preservation of personal emotional integrity in stressful conditions, emotional intelligence is also very important for teamwork and the relationship with patients. In the research of the Vrhpolje Department of Emergency Medicine, no difference was found between the level of education and the level of emotional intelligence in healthcare workers, including those working in the hospital and out of hospital ones. 11,12 Conclusion After testing the social skills inventory in healthcare workers working in the primary and the secondary healthcare level, in the city of Loznica, we found that the total score showed no statistically significant difference between males and females. A statistically significant difference was found at the level of expressiveness and control.