THE INFLUENCES OF THE CULTURAL MODELS ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION STRUCTURES IN ROMANIA AND SOME EU-28 COUNTRIES-A PERSPECTIVE THE INFLUENCES OF THE CULTURAL MODELS ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION STRUCTURES IN ROMANIA AND SOME EU-28 COUNTRIES-A PERSPECTIVE1

The main aim of the paper is the analysis of the some aspects regarding the influences of the cultural models on agricultural production structures in Romania and some EU28 countries, form a larger perspective, starting with the CAP transformations over the time and the European agricultural model, analysing the role of the multifunctional agriculture in shaping the holding’s structure and performances, and in the last it is considered the role of agriculture and rural communities in promoting renewable including bio-fuels.


Introduction
Agriculture represents a sector that has ample reverberations and significations at the EU-28 level, and, through the medium of the numerous evolutions and transformations that it suffered (Antonio, Alberto, 2007;Ioan et al., 2012;Jean, Mircea, 2012;Filon, 2013), it managed to transcend above the classic role that it used to have-the assurance of alimentary security and support for the rural communities, thus becoming a harmonization reference of the usually divergent interests that the member states have. It integrates the national agriculture politics at the highest level. From this perspective, The Common Agricultural Policy can at the moment be appreciated as a sounding board of the evolution of the European Union during its entire existence, reflecting the ample reforms that it suffered in its process of development. It may represent the most visible result of the harmonization process of the interests of the 28 states that now compose UE.
In a reflexive study (Overmars et al., 2013), analyses the impacts of policy measures adopted through the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on the farm production, income and prices, and on farmland biodiversity, using a model direct connected to paradigm changes of the European agricultural model of production.
The CAP evolution and the frequent reforms it suffered made this current policy to be radically different from the ones that dates back to the 1950's, the beginning of the 90's or after the reform from year 2007. The newly built paradigm deepens even more the action range, thus having a refined addressability to the rural communities and space, beyond what classic agriculture means. CAP became an active policy, which has to evaluate its instruments and means of action in order to evaluate the ample transformation processes of the rural space, where agriculture continues to hold a preponderant role.
CAP imprints the European agriculture sector a multifunctional dimension, both from the agro-alimentary production perspective-which turned EU-28 into one of the greatest agriculture producers in the world, as an effect of promoting the measures of direct productions-but especially thought the determining role it plays at the level of the European rural communities, ensuring a great deal of services, from jobs for the rural population, to the protection of the community cultural dimensions-the crafting and the local traditions, of the rural communities cohesion and of the environmental protection.
As Viaggi and associates observed (Viaggi et al., 2013), CAP is one of the most important factors in promoting progress at the level of the rural communities, and of the European agriculture in general. Thereby CAP constitute a defining element in ensuring the wellbeing of the rural communities in the context of globalization and market integration, as its own very existence ensures a stability factor for the cohesion of the European rural space. The CAP influences on local communities are multiple and resonate equally with their local cultural dimension. The adaptation of the rural communities at the CAP exigencies and the new European agricultural paradigm are closely connected to the compatibility level between the local, rural specific, and the exigencies that are imposed by the sectorial competitiveness. Mishra et al. (2009) for the USA highlighted the fact that some of the financial measures that CAP adopted can have dubitative or even toxic effects without an anterior pertinent analysis, if we take into account the reduction of the total budget that CAP had, and the continuation of the sustenance of the direct payments that will continue to deepen inequity of the income that European farmers have.

Recent researches made by El Benni et al. (2012) in Switzerland or by
By decoupling, in 2003, most of the direct payments that were accomplished through the medium of the unique payment schema (SPU) for some of the important sectors such as arable crops, beef and mutton production, or in the dairy products sector, or with the reforms that took place in 2006 in the sugar industry, which continued in 2007 with ample reformative measures in the fruits and vegetables sector and in the viticulture sector, a new CAP paradigm has appeared, which orientated from the classic approach of direct support of the production through the medium of the subventions and of the production shares and, obviously, to a new approach of Pylon II, the one of rural development.
Thereby, CAP, through the medium of the component that concerns the rural development, contributes to the improvement of the living conditions in the rural communities, supporting the creation of new jobs in the rural environment through the medium of its multifunctional character, protecting both the environment and the rural landscapes, which are affected by the intensive agriculture. Also, by eliminating the direct help for the production, the European agriculture stimulated the development of its multifunctional character, approaching the problematic of the rural communities, through the medium of active support, eliminating the surplus of production and the supporting prices, considerably transforming the practices of sectorial financing, which determined an improvement of the market balance and the reduction of the budgetary costs concerning the intervention stocks.
Out of these considerations, CAP, but especially the component that concerns the politics of rural development must follow the improvement of the sectorial competitiveness and of the innovation at the level of the rural communities, through the medium of mobilization of the specific non-agricultural components. Integrating the non-agricultural component and its acceptance as a factor which raises the valorization of the rural potential, imprints the rural communities a translation movement from the classic model of the rural development, in which agriculture has the predominant role, to the multifunctional agriculture model, in which the practices and the local traditions, the culture and the environment become production factors, generating additional value.

Methodology and data sources
Analysing the influences of the cultural models on agricultural production structures in Romania and some EU-28 countries implies a broader approach form the perspective of new CAP paradigm and the changes of the European agricultural model during the years. the new European agricultural approach; -the new CAP paradigm and its influence on agricultural production structures; -multifunctional agriculture and the rural activity diversifying.
In substantiating these perspectives, it was used a wide range of statistic databases, starting with the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN-RICA) database and the Eurostat statistic database (Eurostat, 2015), and not in the last the information available on DG.Agriculture and Rural Development website (DG Agri, 2014; DG Agri, 2015).

The European agricultural model and the Common Agricultural Policy tendency
CAP is founded and equally reflects the features and the principles of the European agricultural model, which targets the achievement of alimentary sovereignty and of the durability of the agricultural production in the European space, starting from the real necessities, both of the consumers and especially of the agricultural producers, which have to be harmonized. From this point of view, according to (European Economic and Social Committee, 2013/NAT/449), the main objectives which CAP must promote and achieve in the common space, are mainly centered on: achieving the safety and alimentary security by achieving an agricultural production that is quantitively and qualitatively adequate; supporting the production and the marketing of the local products that are specific in the rural zones, and promoting them as interesting vectors for the rural communities, especially of those that have a touristic potential; participating at the stabilization of the markets, by limiting the price fluctuations on the agricultural products; supporting the incomes that the European agricultures have, usually inferior to those of the employees from the other economic sectors; prioritizing the doable utilization of the natural resources, of the biodiversity, along with the preservation of the natural habitats, by highlighting the greening measures of CAP; supporting-from Europe 2020 Strategy's perspective -the development and the innovation (smart grow), the development of new renewable energies (durable grow) and the consolidation of the potential of creating new jobs in rural zones (inclusionfavourable grow), by respecting the practices in creating new jobs, contracts and European and extra-community agricultural seasonal workforce. (European Economic and Social Committee, 2013/NAT/449).
Understanding CAP's operating mechanism thus depends on understanding the characteristics of the European agricultural model, which has in foreground performance and high competitiveness of the agricultural sector, founded on an agriculture that has a high level of technical endowment and usage of the intensive production, which is based on promoting large and very large farms. Reorienting to promoting and capitalizing the rural as a determining factor in the promotion of the new European agricultural paradigm imposes a rethink of CAP's implementing instruments. Thereby, according to a CES opinion (2011), it is appreciated that "the integration of CAP among the other community politics (enterprises and associations, actions of protecting the climate, harmonized inter-sectorial politics, occupying the workforce, energy and natural resources, environment, politics concerning the protection of consumers, development regions and local development, science and technology) (European Economic and Social Committee, 2011/NAT/481) Agriculture, through the medium of its ample significance it has to the local communities, represents a dominant factor in modeling the rural space, often being the only way to achieve the incomes for a large part of the rural population. Agriculture also contributes to the realization of extensive offers of primary public goods, which represent preconditions for the activities that take place in the rural environment, by the superior capitalization of the available natural resources, of the local cultural potential, of the agro-tourism, of the touristic landscapes along with the possibility of producing renewable.
The extensive reforms that marked the European agricultural sector transformed CAP in a genuine instrument for modeling the rural communities. Rural communities accepted CAP, as it usually was the only source in financially sustaining many rural families, as agriculture had to become multifunctional Referring to the CAP effects on the occupation in the rural environment (Petrick, Zier, 2012) claim that generating new jobs under the effects of the CAP capitalization is possible only if subsidies of capital are allocated, and in order to create additional workplaces for short-terms, subventions of about 50,000 EUR are needed every year.
On the other hand, analysing the distribution effect that the instruments of agricultural policy has on the income of the farms in Italy (Severini, Tantari, 2015), we came to the conclusion that the direct payments to CAP and changing the paradigm by reallocating resources from Pylon I b y the rural development component will achieve a more equitable distribution of the farmers' income.
As (Kvakkestad et al., 2015) analysed the attitude of the Norwegian farmers on the agriculture and the necessity of financial support of this sector, through the medium of the CAP instruments, it highlights the special importance given to the multifunctional agriculture and of its effects on the rural communities. According to this study, only a small part of the farmers find producing crop landscapes profitable, rather than other public and private goods that is specific to this sector, for which financial support exists.
As it is established in one of the (European Parliament's Resolutions from the 8 th July, 2010), "the agro-ecological indicators are highlighting more and more a special potential of the agriculture in the effort of reducing the effects of the climate changes, of the direct reduction of the net greenhouse gases, and in the production of renewable energy, because, if they are practiced in a sustainable way, the agricultural activities are essential for the conservation of the biodiversity, as combating the soil erosion is, at the same time, a determining factor in the reduction of the climate changes, and promoting the multifunctional dimension of the rural space" (European Parliament, 2010).

Andrei Jean Vasile, Dusmanescu Dorel, Mieila Mihai
One of the imperative challenges at which the European agricultural model must respond and adapt to, are, as found in (Finland`s EU Presidency, 2006), mainly centered on: the active management of the financial impact of the agricultural sector on the community budget from the perspective of the direct capitalization measurements; -CAP's paradigm change, from directly supporting the agricultural production and of the farmers to financing the greening and agro-environment measurements; the adaptation of the agricultural sector to the environmental changes, by promoting bio-energy production, ecological agriculture and the new ecological technologies of production, which have a much lower impact on the environment; the evolution of agro alimentary prices in context of market instability and volatility; the liberalization of the international agricultural market and the reduction of internal production shares; the challenges that concern anew extension of UE-28 with countries whose alimentary models are having a reduced grade of convergence compared to the European model (Turkey), (Finland`s EU Presidency, 2006).
The evolution of CAP is mostly the result of the beliefs according to which the agriculture, beyond its classical aspect of delivering food and raw materials for the downstream sectors, must achieve a superior valorization of the rural space potential, in the context of diversifying the functionalities of the rural communities. At the level of UE-28, the rural communities are significantly transforming under the effects of the PAC reforms, and the rural space becomes multifunctional, sometimes having urban aspects, and agricultural activities stop having the determining role at this level, as accent is put on capitalizing the complementary dimensions.
In order to highlight CAP's influences on the European rural communities, in this research it is taken into consideration the analysis of the evolution of certain significant indicators, which equally reflects both the agricultural level of competitiveness and the multidimensional sectorial influences. In order to understand the impact that agriculture has on the European economy in its ensemble, an important aspect is represented by the agricultural evolution expressed in real terms, in some counties UE-28, 2005-2013. Factor income in real terms represents one of the most representative analyse indicators in the agricultural sector, offering information about the viability of the sector itself, representing an element in founding the agricultural sectorial policies. The evolution of the agricultural factor income can also be expressed through the Labour force input prism, which, during the same period of time, it registered a significant reduction tendency in the case of most of the analysed countries. The labor force input diminution expresses both the tendency that the agricultural sector to diminish its unique role of employer or preponderant employer in the agricultural zones, in favor of the multifunctional activities. In order to motivate this situation, in graphic 2, the evolution of labour force input is represented in the case of certain countries EU-28, during 2005-2013.
EP 2015 (62) 2 (293-307)  19.65% in year 2013. The workforce continues to represent, in agriculture's case, one of the determining factors in capitalizing the potential, despite promoting technologies, of the diversification of the activities and of the multi-functionality of the sectors. Using labour force input in promoting a sectorial extensive growth in the case of the European economies that have tradition, the process of adjustment of the usage of the workforce is opposing in the countries that are recently included in the common space, such as Romania or Bulgaria's cases.

CAP influences in the agricultural production structures
The agricultural production structures are the ones to best feel the CAP effects and adapt to its exigencies. The way they capitalize the instruments that are promoted by CAP, can represent a trait of the influences that have a cultural and adaptation nature to the specific of the local cultural model, by modeling those elements that can be acquired and supported with minimum resistance to change. Agricultural practices are often, if not always, the expression of an agricultural tradition that is created at the level of each geographic space or local community. Given these conditions, the agricultural production structures manage to integrate the traits of the national cultural model, as they themselves are the result of the rural specific influences. From this point of view, the analyse of the evolution of certain indicators of economic efficiency, such as the rapport Total output /Total input, Farm Net Value Added,  Another factor that influences the agricultural production structures is connected to the Romanian cultural model, especially to the economical culture of the population. Unfortunately, during the communist regime, the economical culture was negatively influenced. This influence was strongly felt in the Romanian agriculture due to the fact that in that domain of activity, entrepreneurship, under the form of the agricultural exploitation(farms), represent an important factor for the development of the rural spaces, and of the living conditions of the population in the rural environment. The breaking of the great national agricultural properties in a lot of small parcels led to the impossibility to apply modern technology for production, and led to correspondent decreases of the productivity. Only after the adherence to UE in year 2007, a coagulation of the agricultural surfaces that began to be bought or worked by firms which had the ability to ensure a modern exploitation, which had technologies that ensured a productivity that was at least good If we analyse the agricultural production structures, another factor that we should take into consideration is another aspect of the economical culture of the Romanian society from the past years, which is the orientation to energetic crops. The need of energy of the modern society is growing while the production of fossil fuels is inevitably decreasing. Given these conditions, starting to use renewable sources of energy becomes a necessity, along with the need to reduce the volume of gasses that have the greenhouse effect (carbon dioxide, water steam, nitrogenate oxides'). One renewable source of energy is represented by bio-fuels (biodiesel, bio-ethanol) which can be obtained from colza and sunflower oil (biodiesel), and cereal, potatoes and sugar beets (bio-ethanol).
As you can observe in graph 4, the percentage of energy from renewable sources out of a total of consumed energy has constantly grown since 2004 until now. This correlates to the colza production, which substantially grew due to the alignment to the EU requests concerning the usage of a percentage of at least 5% biodiesel out of the entire quantity of diesel fuel that has been sold in EU, so in Romania too. It can conveniently notice (Graph 5) an important variation of the sunflower production due to the fact that the sunflower oil is seen as an alimentary factor rather than as a diesel fuel resource, so that the percentage of it in the agricultural production structures is influenced by other factors than in the case of colza.
The growth of the biodiesel percentage that will have to be found in the quantity that will be sold in future will lead to a growth in the quantity of colza that is needed, quantity which will lead to a growth in the surfaces where colza is planted. In this case, a balance should be found between the existent agricultural surface and the surface that will be cultivated with energetic crops, but effort will have to be made in order to convince farmers of the necessity of these energetic crops, in a way that would not endanger the alimentary production that the population needs.

Conclusions
The evolution of the Common Agricultural Policy, but especially the paradigm shift from providing direct financial assistance and support for agricultural production to rural communities and environment protection through the greening measures, has imposed dramatically changes in considering the role of agricultural on rurality. During the last two decades the European agricultural model represents the leading instrument in valuing the EU-28 agricultural potential, both by promoting public goods as the main frame of the historical experience and as a production model for the rural communities, where agriculture remains, after numerous reforms, one of the most important economic activities for rural households.
The main argue of CAP consists in valuing the rural communities' potential by diversifying the activities, where agriculture despite its determinant role is completed by complementary activities as rural tourism, handicraft, renewable production and preserving rural traditions and specific. Greening the CAP is a basically step in promoting and accentuating the multifunctionality role of the rural communities in the EU-28 economy. The influence of cultural model among the rural communities has imposed a specific way of valuing inland agricultural potential and rural community's traditions. We are witnessing a return to the rural traditions and specific, as a component in a higher access of the financial support allocated by Pillar II of the CAP.
During the analysis it was reviled, also that the CAP evolution could be considered as an implicit result of the cultural models influence on production structures including the actual status of the European agricultural model paradigm. The values of some representative indicators in analysing the farm performance, for some of the EU-28 countries took into consideration, during 2008-2012, highlights the discrepancies dispersion in accordance to the cultural models patterns developed during the years by each member state.
As per general, the influences of the cultural models on agricultural production structures in Romania and some EU-28 countries are quite visible and continue to shape both the CAP evolution and the European agricultural model paradigm. In this context, it is important to rethink, both the agricultural production system and the rural paradigm in a larger context of greening the CAP and promoting multi-functionality.