A 3-Coupling Reaction as a Strategy Towards the Synthesis of Alkaloids

Uma série de aldeídos, alquinóis e benzilaminas foram submetidos a reação, por catálise mediada por CuCl, na formação de hidróxi-benzilaminas funcionalizadas. O procedimento permite a utilização de aldeídos alquílicos e arílicos. Substratos representativos foram convertidos em alcalóides cíclicos de cinco e seis membros através da reação concomitante de N-debenzilação e redução total da ligação tripla promovida por Pd, seguido de ciclização tipo Mitsunobu.


Introduction
In the last decades, multicomponent reactions have become an important alternative to prepare highly functionalized building blocks in high yields and in a straightforward way. 1 This kind of transformation is very attractive since the whole process is intrinsically atom-, energy-and step-economical. 2,3Many relatively old, as well as new multicomponent strategies, have been investigated and important contributions have been made in this field.3][14][15][16] An important strategy for the synthesis of this class of compounds consists in the addition reaction of non-functionalized terminal alkynes to C-N double bond containing-compounds, usually imines, nitrones, iminium salts, etc. [17][18][19][20][21] There are several reports on the preparation of propargylamines by a A 3 -coupling multicomponent reaction, but most of them are restricted to non-functionalized alkynes, [22][23][24] which is quite unattractive from the synthetic point of view.In addition, many procedures are dependent on the aldehyde nature, presenting good performance for either alkyl or aryl ones 25 but rarely for both.
Due to the importance of nitrogen-containing compounds, development of practical strategies to construct highly functionalized nitrogen-containing skeletons is desirable.
Recently, we demonstrated that alkynols could be used as the alkyne source in an A 3 -coupling reaction, by reacting them with 4-piperidone hydrochloride. 26It was found that alkyl aldehydes and alkynols are suitable partners in the reaction with this amine source allowing the preparation of a large number of propargyl 4-piperidones in good yields. 27iming to improve the methodology to a more synthetically useful tool, we decided to use benzylamines as the amine source, since concomitant Pd-catalyzed hydrogenolysis and full triple bond reduction reactions can be performed in a single operation, leading to saturated amino-alcohols, which are direct precursors of alkaloids.

Results and Discussion
To test the feasibility of the strategy we selected benzylamine (1a), butyraldehyde (2a) and 3-butyn-1-ol (3a) as the starting materials for the A³-coupling reaction and CuCl (30 mol%) as the catalyst.In the first attempt to obtain the corresponding hydroxy-propargylamine, the reaction was performed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in a sealed tube at 105 o C, and after 12 h the desired adduct 4 was obtained in only 27% yield.Aiming to improve the yield, a systematic study involving solvent, catalyst amount and temperature was undertaken and the results are presented in Table 1.
The experiments were conducted for 12 h in a sealed tube to achieve temperatures higher than the boiling points of the solvents.In hexane and benzene (entries 1 and 2), using 30 mol% of CuCl, the A 3 -coupling product was isolated in 60 and 76% yield, respectively.In 1,4-dioxane, THF and ethanol the product was formed in lower yields (entries 3-5).In ethyl acetate the product was isolated in the same average yield as in benzene (entries 2 and 6).As ethyl acetate is an environmentally benign solvent, it was chosen for the next experiments.No product was detected when the reaction was performed at room temperature (entry 7), the starting materials remaining unchanged.Increase in the product yields were observed when the reactions were performed at higher temperatures (entries 8-10), and a maximum of 75% yield was achieved at 105 o C (entry 6).This temperature was considered as limit for security reasons, as the sealed tubes were designed to operate at this temperature or below. 28After setting this temperature, the quantity of the catalyst was screened.By using 5 and 15 mol% of CuCl, the product was obtained in 22 and 51% isolated yield respectively (entries 11 and 12).Use of 30 as well as 50 mol% of the catalyst led to the product in the same average yield (entries 6 and 13).In this way, 30 mol% was chosen as the ideal amount of the catalyst.
In order to define the scope and limitations of the protocol, other alkynes, aldehydes and benzylamines were submitted to the A³-coupling reaction under the conditions of choice, and the results are presented in Table 2.
As can be observed in Table 2, the methodology is quite general tolerating structurally diverse alkynols, alkyl and aryl aldehydes with equally good performance.Ethynylcyclohexanol and propargyl alcohol gave the desired adducts in reasonable yields (entries 1 and 8).Good yields were achieved using high-weight alkynols and alkyl aldehydes (entries 3 and 9).p-Formaldehyde presented good reactivity allowing the isolation of the corresponding A 3 -coupling product in 61% yield (entry 4).Benzaldehyde Based on the alkyne amount; b all reactions were conducted under air atmosphere and the solvents were used as received; c isolated yields; d all reactions were monitored by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID); e the starting materials were not consumed.Vol. 26, No. 1, 2015 Table 2.A 3 -coupling reaction of benzylamines using different alkynols and aldehydes  and p-tolualdehyde also reacted as expected leading to the corresponding propargylamines in reasonable yields (entries 6 and 7).By monitoring the reactions by gas or thin layer chromatography a much faster conversion of the starting materials was observed when dibenzylamine (1b) was used as the amine source on reaction with butyraldehyde and 3-butyn-1-ol (entry 10).Aiming to optimize the reaction conditions for dibenzylamine (1b), it was found that the use of only 1 mol% of the catalyst resulted in the corresponding product in 88% yield after 2 h reaction time (entry 10).On the other hand, higher reaction times and catalyst amounts were necessary when the racemic as well as the optically active methyl-substituted benzylamines (1c and 1d) were reacted with the same alkyne and aldehyde (entries 11 and 12).No diastereoisomeric excess (d.e.) was observed for the optically active amine (entry 12).
Phenylglycinol was used in the coupling reaction in order to verify if diastereoselection could be achieved; however, instead of the A 3 -coupling product, the corresponding N,O-ketal was isolated in 63% yield, resulting from the intramolecular attack of the hydroxyl group to the intermediate iminium carbon (entry 13).To circumvent this side reaction, the corresponding silyl ethers were used.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of cyclic alkaloids from the A 3 -coupling adducts.
The pyrrolidine alkaloid 6a is used in the food industry as flavoring 31 and its structure is found as a substituent group in several bioactive compounds. 324][35][36] Dihydropinidine (6c) was isolated from young seedlings of Pinus ponderosa presenting activity against Alzheimer's diseases 37 and displays a high antifeedant activity for the pine weevil Hylobius abietis. 38he presented synthetic strategy allowed the synthesis of the alkaloids 2-isopropylpyrrolidine (6a), coniine (6b) and dihydropinidine (6c) in three synthetic steps in an overall yield of 35, 46 and 42%, respectively.The A³coupling reaction can be considered as the key step of the synthetic sequence, and consequently as an alternative route to the synthesis of bioactive alkaloids.

Conclusions
In summary, we demonstrated the easy preparation protocol to access hydroxy-propargylamines, by a catalyzed A 3 -coupling reaction.Alkynols and benzylamines were directly reacted with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes presenting good reactivity.Alkyl and aryl aldehydes, as well as functionalized alkynes, were tolerated.The use of benzylamines is synthetically strategic since concomitant hydrogenonlysis of the benzyl nitrogen and triple bond reduction can be performed in good yields, resulting in the corresponding saturated amino-alcohols.Cyclic alkaloids can be easily obtained by sequential A 3 -coupling, hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis sequence followed by a Mitsunobu-type cyclization reaction.As a proof of concept this procedure was applied to the synthesis of three cyclic bioactive alkaloids.

General information
All reagents were purchased from Aldrich.The reactions was performed using an Ace ® pressure tube bushing type, back seal, volume ca.35 mL, 17.8 cm × 25.4 mm (L × o.d.) from Sigma-Aldrich (product code Z181072).Analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out by using silica gel 60 F 254 pre-coated plates.Visualization was accomplished with vanillin [0.01 g mL -1 vanillin in AcOH/H 2 SO 4 (99:1) solution] or ninhydrin as color reagent [0.005 g mL -1 ninhydrin in EtOH (96%) solution].The gas chromatography (GC) analyses were performed on a Shimadzu ® GC2014 equipment, with flame ionization detection (FID), N 2 as carrier gas and equipped with a DB-5 column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 mm) or DB-5-HT (30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.10 mm).All new products were characterized by their nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and high-resolution MS (HRMS) spectra.The 1 H NMR (200 MHz) and 13 C NMR (50 MHz) were recorded on a Bruker ® AC 200 spectrometer and the 1 H NMR (400 MHz) and 13 C NMR (100 MHz) were recorded on a Bruker ® DRX 400 spectrometer, in both cases using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard.Chemical shifts were reported in parts per million (ppm, d) downfield from the TMS.The infrared analyses were recorded on a Shimadzu ® equipment, model IRPrestige-21, and Bomen Hartmann & Braun ® MB-Series equipment, model Arid-Zone ® .Low-resolution mass spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu ® GC-17A coupled with QP5050A MS, using HP-5MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 mm).High-resolution mass analyses were recorded on a LC/MS Bruker ® Daltonics MicroTOFIc equipment by direct injection of pure samples.High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were performed on Shimadzu ® LC-10AD and LC-30AD devices equipped with a UV-Vis SPD-M20A detector, using a Daicel Chiralpak ® OD-H and Daicel Chiralpak ® OD columns and hexane:isopropanol (99:1) as mobile phase with 0.8 mL min -1 flow.

General procedure for the synthesis of benzylamines 1b and 1c
To a 10 mL round-bottomed flask containing benzaldehyde (0.233 g, 0.202 mL, 2.2 mmol) was added dropwise the amine (2.0 mmol).The mixture was stirred at room temperature and the progress of amine consuption was monitored by GC-FID or TLC chromatography.To the reaction mixture, at 0 o C, EtOH (2.0 mL) and sodium borohydride (0.076 g, 2.0 mmol) were added sequentially.The reaction was warmed to room temperature, stirred for 2 h and quenched with water (5 mL) and HCl (10 mL, 10% v/v).After separantion, the aqueous phase was treated using NaHCO 3 solution (until pH 8) and then extracted with EtOAc (4 × 10 mL).After combination, the organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure giving the corresponding amine in high purity grade.

General procedure for the synthesis of hydroxypropargyl benzylamines
To a 35 mL pressure tube were sequentially added copper(I) chloride (0.060 g, 0.6 mmol), benzylamine (0.107 g, 0.14 mL, 1.0 mmol), aldehyde (1.3 mmol), alkynol (2.0 mmol) and EtOAc (2 mL).The mixture was stirred at 105 o C and the progress of the reaction was monitored by GC-FID or TLC.The reaction mixture was filtered in a short pad Celite ® column.The Celite ® residue was washed with EtOAc (2 × 10 mL).The organic phase was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.The residue was directly purified by silica gel column chromatography using the appropriate eluent.

General procedure for the synthesis of amino alcohols 5a, 5b and 5c
To a 10 mL round-bottomed flask containing Pd/C 10% (0.070 g), previously activated with hydrogen gas, were sequentially added MeOH (15 mL), hydroxypropargylamine (2.0 mmol) and KOH (two drops, 1.0 mol L -1 solution).The mixture was stirred at room temperature, in H 2 atmosphere (1 atm) and the progress of the reaction (4 days) was monitored by GC-FID.The reaction mixture was filtered in a short pad Celite ® column.The Celite ® residue was washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (4 × 10 mL).The organic phase was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.The residue was directly purified by silica gel column chromatography using the appropriate eluent.
General procedure for the synthesis of cyclic alkaloids 6a, 6b and 6c To a 25 mL round-bottomed flask were added triphenylphosphine (0.619 g, 2.36 mmol) and THF (8 mL).The mixture was refrigerated in an ice/acetone/NaCl bath (-10 o C) followed by dropwise addition of diethyl azodicarbolylate (0.411 g, 0.37 mL, 2.36 mmol).After 30 min a white solid was formed and a solution of amino alcohol (2.0 mmol) in THF (7 mL) was added.The mixture was stirred for 12 h and the progress of the reaction was monitored by GC-FID or TLC.At the end of this time, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by Kugelrohr distillation apparatus.
Typical procedure for A 3

-coupling
To a 35 mL pressure tube were sequentially added copper(I) chloride (0.060 g, 0.6 mmol), benzylamine (1.0 mmol), aldehyde (1.3 mmol), alkynol (2.0 mmol) and EtOAc (2 mL).The mixture was stirred at 105 o C and the progress of the reaction was monitored by GC-FID or TLC.The reaction mixture was filtered in a short pad Celite ® column.The Celite ® residue was washed with EtOAc (2 × 10 mL).The organic phase was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.The residue was directly purified by silica gel column chromatography using the appropriate eluent.

Table 1 .
Solvent, catalyst amount and temperature screening for A 3 -coupling reaction

Table 2 .
A 3 -coupling reaction of benzylamines using different alkynols and aldehydes