First record of the genus Lissocnemis Kohl, 1907

. The genus Lissocnemis Kohl, 1907 of the subfamily Ctenocerinae is recorded from Korea for the ﬁ rst time. The diagnosis and characteristics of the genus, description of a new species, L. koreana Kim & Shimizu sp. nov. and redescription of another species, L. brevipennis hitherto known from Southeast Asia and Japan, are presented. The biogeographical distribution of the genus is discussed.

The biology of Ctenocerinae is scarcely known.The only record is that of the South African Paraclavelia caffer (Kohl, 1886) collected from the nest of a trapdoor spider, Stasimopus robertsi Hewitt, 1913(Ctenizidae Thorell, 1887) (Arnold 1932).Females of species of most Ctenocerinae, typically Ctenocerus and Paraclavelia, have the following specialized morphological structures: (1) vertex is expanded far beyond postocellar line; (2) frons is broad (much broader than eyes); (3) lower frons is deeply depressed laterally to and ventrally to antennal socket, the depression accommodating antennal scape; (4) clypeus is narrower than lower frons, lamelliform, usually truncate apically, its surface fl at or slightly convex with a basal or basolateral depressions that are continuous to lower frontal depression(s); (5) scape is curved outward and concave on its lateral face, which may fi t in frontal depression; (6) pronotum is elongate (usually longer than mesoscutum at midline), dorsally fl attened and low; and (7) fore tibia has a long, stout, curved spine anteromedially (Shimizu 2022).Most of the features are also found in other genera and species that are known parasitoids of trapdoor spiders, e.g., Psorthaspis Bank, 1912 andEntomobora Gistel, 1857 (Pompilinae) (Shimizu et al. 2021(Shimizu et al. , 2022)).Presumably, these structures are employed in prying up the lid of trapdoor spiders' burrow and supporting it on the anterior face of the forward and dorsally directed head and the dorsal face of the pronotum (Shimizu et al. 2021(Shimizu et al. , 2022)).Furthermore, the species known to be nest-constructing pompilids never possess such modifi ed structures.Most species of Ctenocerinae are thus presumed to be parasitoids of trapdoor spiders living in subterranean burrows with lids.
The genus Lissocnemis Kohl, 1907 is a small group of the subfamily.In this genus, the head and pronotal structures are much less modifi ed than in Paraclavelia and Ctenocerus: the vertex is not very expanded beyond the postocellar line; the frons is only slightly broader than the eyes; the lower frons is not depressed laterally to or ventrally to the antennal socket; the clypeus is not narrower than the lower frons, its surface being not depressed basally or fl attened; the scape is only barely curved outward; the pronotum is shorter than the mesoscutum at the midline; and the fore tibia does not bear a long, stout, curved spine anteromesially.
In a recent publication, the Korean fauna of spider wasps has been represented by the subfamilies Ceropalinae, Pepsinae, and Pompilinae (The Korean Society of Applied Entomology & the Entomological Society of Korea 2021).In the course of the examination of specimens from Korea, we discovered specimens of two unrecorded species belonging to Lissocnemis: L. brevipennis and an undescribed species that resembles L. nigra.
In this paper, we record Ctenocerinae from Korea for the fi rst time, present the diagnosis and characteristics of Lissocnemis, describe the new species L. koreana Kim & Shimizu sp.nov., and redescribe L. brevipennis.We also discuss the biogeographical distribution of the genus.New synonymies and new combinations are proposed.

Morphological terms, measurements, and photography
The terminology of general morphology, including the wing veins and cells, follows Day (1988) and Shimizu (1994).The following term is also used: antennocular line, the anterior margin of the frons, in dorsal view, from the antennal base to the eye.Specimens were measured and photographed (and stacked) with an image analyzer and a digital camera equipped in Leica DMS 1000a.Measurements of body parts were taken at their maximally valued portions; those of the head in frontal view are from Evans (1950: fi g. 1).

Diagnosis
Lissocnemis is distinguished from other genera of Ctenocerinae by the combination of the following features.

Redescription
We redescribe the genus based on the above four species as a complement to Kohl's (1907) description, which was based only on the female of the type species, L. irrasa.

Female
MEASUREMENTS.Medium-sized wasps, 12 to 20 mm in body length.HEAD.Broader than high.Vertex moderately convex above level of eye tops (Fig. 3D); juncture of its anterior and posterior faces broadly rounded (Fig. 3F).Ocelli forming right-to obtuse-angled triangle (Fig. 3C).Supra-antennal area of frons, in dorsal view, triangular, trapezoidal, or arcuate.Clypeus short and transverse, as broad as or broader than LID (Figs 3D, 4B), slightly convex medially.Labrum slightly narrower than lower margin of clypeus (Fig. 3D), moderately to fairly exposed beneath clypeus.Antennal socket separated from frontoclypeal suture by much less than half of its own diameter.Scape almost straight, or slightly curved outward with lateral face slightly concave.Malar space very short (Fig. 3F).Mandible short and stout with strong tooth subapically on inner margin.Maxillary palpomeres 4-6 not much longer than palpomere 3. Gena, in dorsal view, rather strongly receding posteriorly but not very thin (Fig. 3C).Occipital suture complete.
LEGS.Fore tarsomere 1 longer than tarsomeres 2-4 combined.Fore femur not swollen, almost as thick as mid femur.Fore tibia lacking stout, decurved spines apicomesially.Both hind coxae separate each other, unlike mid coxae (Fig. 4D).Basal ring on mid and hind femora distinct.Mid and hind tibiae with several short spines laterally and dorsally.Orbiculae small (Fig. 3E), its width ca 0.5× as wide as tarsomere 5; its pecten consisting of fi ne, straight, divergent setulae, these being much longer than orbiculae themselves.Hind tarsomere 5 with one or a few irregularly arranged spines or without spines beneath.
METASOMA.Rather slender, its width about 1.2 × as wide as mesosoma between tegulae, in dorsal view, not very convex medially.S6 moderately compressed laterally or gently arched.
WINGS.FW discal cell 1 almost lacking clear spot subbasally.Crossvein cu-a originating distally to separation of vein M + Cu by less than its own length (Figs 1F,4H).HW cross-vein cu-a originating at or distally to fork of vein M+CuA.
LEGS.Pair of hind coxae closely set unlike in female.Hind tarsomeres narrowing apically.Fore and mid orbiculae smaller than in female; hind orbicula minute.

Diagnosis
The female closely resembles L. nigra in that the body and legs are almost black and FW is clouded with dark brown (photos of the holotype of L. nigra: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/34f86a418-891c-4ad3-930e-51495fc57b4a).However, they are easily distinguished by the colour of pubescence on the body.Except for the areas covered with dense whitish pubescence and setae, pubescence on the front, mesosoma and metasoma is reddish in L. koreana but whitish in L. nigra.
The scape, pedicel, Fl1-2, and basal half of Fl3 dorsally have dense appressed whitish pubescence in L. koreana (Fig. 3B), but such pubescence is lacking or at most sparse in L. nigra.The wings are much darker in L. nigra than in L. koreana.The female and male have the hind tibia with a longitudinal groove along the upper margin of the inner brush.The male is unique in having a pair of short, oblique, linear tubercles on S4 subbasally (Fig. 1K, red arrows).

Etymology
The specifi c epithet is derived from its type locality, Korea.
LEGS.Mid tibia with several short spines dorsally.Hind tibia with spines dorsally, these being weaker and sparser than those on mid tibia.Longer spur of hind tibia 0.71-0.77(0.73) × hind tarsomere 1. Hind tibial brush very narrow (nearly half of AOD) and linear throughout, its upper groove deeply impressed.Hind tarsomeres slightly compressed laterally, narrowing apically.Fore and mid tarsal claws bifi d; hind tarsal claw edentate (Fig. 1E), acutely bent subapically, pointed at apex, a pair of claws closely set, parallel to each other or slightly divergent.
WINGS.Marginal cell distanced from wing tip by half of its own length.SMC2:SMC3 = 1:0.78-0.89 on vein Rs, 1:1.0-1.1 on vein M. SMC2 0.58-0.73× as high as broad, narrowed on vein Rs by 0.71-0.84× its own length on vein M, receiving cross-vein 1m-cu at its basal 0.41-0.43.SMC3 0.55-0.63× as high as long, narrowed on vein Rs by 0.60-0.63× its own length on vein M, receiving cross-vein 2m-cu in its basal 0.39-0.45,distanced from outer wing margin by 1.4-1.5 × its own length.Cross-vein 2rs-m straight.Second abscissa of vein M (lower part of basal vein) distinctly curved.Cross-vein 2m-cu curved outward.Cross-vein cu-a originating distally to fork of vein M+CuA by its own length, oblique but bent posteriorly, meeting vein A perpendicularly.HW cross-vein rs-m slightly sinuate, nearly vertical to vein M. Cross-vein cu-a originating slightly anteriorly to or at separation of vein M+CuA.

Distribution
South Korea.

Remark
A pair of subbasal tubercles on S4 are concealed by S3 in the holotype and several male paratypes.(Cameron, 1902) Figs

Diagnosis
This species is distinctive in having the following features: female body largely black, anterior face of head and a few apical metasomal segments with golden pubescence (Fig. 4A-B); antenna except apically, legs, and a few apical metasomal segments reddish brown; wings dark brown with an oval clear spot in FW discal cell 1 basally (Fig. 4A); male body largely black and covered with conspicuous long white pubescence; all legs mostly reddish brown (Fig. 4H); upper frons with a pair of oblique or arcuate ridge lines (Fig. 4E); and subgenital plate with a pair of deep oval depressions subbasally (Fig. 5A).
LEGS.Mid and hind tibiae with several short spines laterally and dorsally.Hind tibia without longitudinal groove along upper margin of inner brush.Longer spur of hind tibia 0.44-0.56× as long as hind tarsomere 1. Tarsal claws bifi d, inner ray much thicker than outer ray, pointed apically.
METASOMA.T1 with distinct short petiole and strongly arcuate lateral crease.
WINGS.Marginal cell distanced from wing tip by 0.55-0.68× its own length.SMC2:SMC3 = 1:0.93-1.2 on vein Rs, 1:1.0-1.1 on vein M; SMC2 0.60-0.66× as high as long, narrowed on vein Rs by 0.71-0.76× its own length on vein M, receiving cross-vein 1m-cu at its basal 0.44-0.52;SMC3 0.64-0.70× as high as long, narrowed on vein Rs by 0.64-0.69× its own length on vein M, receiving cross-vein 2mcu at its basal 0.48-0.58,distanced from outer wing margin by 1.4-1.6 × its own length.Crossvein cu-a originating distally to point of separation of vein M+CuA by slightly less than its own length, slightly oblique to vein A. HW cross-vein cu-a originating slightly posteriorly to separation of vein M+CuA.
METASOMA.Slightly narrower than mesosoma.T1 almost as long as broad, with lateral crease slightly curved unlike in female, almost reaching posterior margin of T1 (Fig. 4F).SUBGENITAL PLATE AND GENITALIA (Fig. 5).Subgenital plate, in ventral view (Fig. 5A), gradually narrowing toward apex, rounded apically with a pair of deep oval depressions subbasally, leaving median sharp carina, that being low triangular in profi le; ventral surface with short setae but bare on lateral and apical margins.Paramere (Fig. 5B) short and stout, not exceeding beyond apex of digitus volsellaris, arcuately emarginate ventrally, wedge-shaped apically with short setae except basally and a few long setae apically; digitus volsellaris broadened apically, plectrum-shaped, much extending beyond apex of aedeagus with dense micropores; parapenial lobe elliptic apically, not extending beyond apex of aedeagus; aedeagus narrowly fusiform.