IntechOpen

Home > Books > Transgenic Crops - Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives

Open access peer-reviewed chapter

Genetic Improvement of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Trees via Biolistic Methods

Written By

Mousa Mousavi and Mohsen Brajeh Fard

Submitted: 06 May 2018 Reviewed: 07 September 2018 Published: 23 October 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.81373

Transgenic Crops IntechOpen
Transgenic Crops Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives Edited by Muhammad Sarwar Khan

From the Edited Volume

Transgenic Crops - Emerging Trends and Future Perspectives

Edited by Muhammad Sarwar Khan and Kauser Abdulla Malik

Book Details Order Print

Chapter metrics overview

1,066 Chapter Downloads

View Full Metrics
Advertisement

Abstract

Biolistic is a special high-performance method for direct delivery of foreign DNA, RNA, or protein into plant cells. This method has less physiological risk on plant cell since there is no need for microbial intermediaries (Agrobacterium strains) and requires less additional DNA. Moreover, it can adapt for both monocotyledon and dicotyledonous plants. Recently, this method has also been successfully used to plant genome editing. Therefore, in this chapter, we discuss the application of this method for genetic improvement of some commercially important of tropical and subtropical fruit trees including banana, date palm, citrus, mango, olive, and pineapple. Also, we explain the details of biolistic protocols used for transient and stable gene expression in these fruit trees.

Keywords

  • gene gun
  • gene delivery
  • microprojectile bombardment
  • tropical fruits

1. Introduction

In the recent years, the scientists believe that the molecular methods have high potential for making gene delivery or genome editing possible in different plant species without altering their phenotypes. This capability is particularly valuable for fruit trees that have lengthy generation time and high levels of heterozygosity. In fact, the biotechnology methods now became as routine tools in biology research and plant transformation. So various methods had been introduced by the scientist for gene delivery to the plant cells (which may not be achievable by the traditional breeding methods), and subsequently they successfully regenerated without serious limitations [1, 2, 3, 4]. Gene transferring to plant tissues can be achieved by two means: direct or indirect methods. In the direct methods, there is no need to Agrobacterium mediate, but the plasmids that are harboring desired DNA materials will deliver to the plant cells via physical or chemical means [5]. However, indirect gene transformation to plant tissues is usually achieved by mediated Agrobacterium strains. At the present time, in the most laboratories, gene delivery to plant tissues is achieved by mainly two means including biolistic and Agrobacterium methods [2, 4]. However, most of the gene transformation studies on fruit trees have been mediated by Agrobacterium strains, and biolistic has been less frequently used [6]. Infection with Agrobacterium may potentially produce unpredictable effects on the plant cells when transformed with T-DNA [7, 8]. The biolistic is a more applicable method for gene transformation in a wide range of plant cells and tissues [9], even those that could not transform by other transformation methods. In this method the precipitated DNA on gold or tungsten particles is transferred directly into the plant cells and tissues. Therefore, it is possible to introduce new traits with lower risk of the GMO effect with high reproducibility and no significant damage or artifacts [8]. Further, this method can be more adapted for breeding of plant species with a high degree of heterozygosity [10].

The biolistic method was introduced for the first time by Sanford [11]. Optimization of the transformation condition is very critical for achievement of an efficient protocol with high transformation frequency [12]. This strongly depends on the construct and promoter type and optimization of the physical and biological parameters. In order to achieve the best results with the biolistic method, the following are needed:

  1. Appropriate construct (the type of genes and promoter)

  2. Proper tissue (eases to regeneration as well as pretreatment prior to bombardment)

  3. Optimized bombardment condition (biological parameters, as well as physical parameters, should been optimized)

  4. Detecting of the insertion (integrated to the genome)

The biolistic method has a potential use for breeding of several tropical and subtropical fruit trees so that different genes were transferred to these trees for different purposes. Most of these genes are selectable and scorable marker genes which were used for the establishment of the optimized transformation protocols and some other genes of interest (which are encoding the economical traits).

One of the more permissible applications of the biolistic method is using it for genome editing or CRISPR in plants [13].

In this chapter, we explain the different gene transformation procedures introduced by scientists for various economically important tropical and subtropical fruit trees by the use of the biolistic method.

Advertisement

2. Banana

Several limitations had been reported for the breeding of banana cultivars through traditional methods mainly including long regenerating time, polyploidy, and male sterility [14, 15]. The biolistic method was successfully used for banana transformation so that several genes were transferred to different banana tissues for different purposes. However, this method may be integrated with the Agrobacterium to increase the efficiency of the gene transformation.

Embryogenic cells initiated from different tissues including immature male flowers [16], immature embryos [17], male inflorescence, and buds [18] were reported with high potential to gene transformation in banana and plantain. A protocol optimized for transient and stable transformation of the uidA gene in banana cells using a special gene gun is illustrated by [14]. The tungsten particles coated with various plasmids harboring uidA gene including pEmuGN (with Emu promoter), pBI-364, pBI-426, pBI-505 (with 35S promoter), and pAHC27 (with Ubi promoter) were delivered into banana cells and then comprised among them based on the level of transient expression after assayed with X-Gluc and MUG. The highest transient transformation was obtained with the pAHC27 plasmid. Also, the stable transformation was achieved after the bombardment of banana cells with pWRG1515 plasmid harboring uidA gene along with hph as a selectable marker gene (conferring resistance to hygromycin) and cultured on the medium contain 50 mg/L hygromycin.

Stable transformation of the Cavendish banana (Musa spp. AAA group) cv. Grand Nain was also reported by [16], using uidA and potential virus-resistance (BBTV) genes along with nptII gene as selectable marker gene using various plasmids (Table 1).

Plant name Explant type Plasmid (s) Reporter gene(s)/promoter (s) Selectable gene (s)/promoter (s) Helium pressure Particle size (μm)/type Target distance (cm) Osmoti-cum Transfor-mation efficiency Reference
Musa spp. (ABB group) Bluggoe Embryogenic suspension cells pBI364, pBI426, pBI505, pEmuGN, pAHC27, pWRG1515 uidA/35S, Emu, Ubi Hygromycin (hph) 4.5 bar Tungsten 4 30% [14]
Musa spp. (AAB group) Maçã Immature male flowers pBI426, pFF19, pCAMBIA1303 uid-A/neo/70S; uid-A/70S; uid-A/35S Hygromycin 1100 psi Tungsten 9 Best result was obtained with uid-A/neo/70S [18]
Musa spp. (AAB group) Grand Nain Immature male flower pBT6.3-Ubi-NPT, pUbi-BTintORF1, pUbi-BTutORF5, pUGR73, pDHkan BBTV intO1/Ubi pro, BBTV utO5/Ubi pro, uidA/Ubi pro nptII/BT6.3 pro, npt II/CaMV 35S pro 550 KPa 1.0/gold 7.5 11% [16]
Musa acuminata cv. Mas (AA) Immature male flower pCAMBIA-1301 gus/CaMV 35S — 1100–1350 psi 1.0/gold 6 — [17]
Musa acuminata L. (AA group, cv. Mas) Gongjiao Floral apices pCAS04 uidA, nptII/Ubi pro, actin pro — 1300 psi 0.6/gold 4 9.8% [15]
Musa sapientum cv. Rastali (AAA) Bud pBI333-EN4-RCC2, pMRC1301, pROKLa-Eg, pGEM.Ubi1-sgfps65T (GFP) nptII/nopaline synthase gene, gusA and chitinase/rice actin 1, nptII/nopaline synthase gene (nos) promoter, soybean β-1,3-endoglucanse/CaMV 35S, gfp/maize polyubiquitin 1 (Ubi1) 1100 psi 9 4–7.5% [20]
Citrus reticulata Blanco × Citrus paradisi Macf. cultivar Page Embryogenic cells from suspension cultures gus nptII Tungsten 0.3 M sorbitol + 0.3 M mannitol [26]
Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus Trifoliate (L.) Raf.), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) cv. Pera Thin epicotyl sections pE2113-GUS uidA/CaMV 35S nptII/NOS promoter 1550 psi Tungsten M-25 (1.7) 6 0.2 M sorbitol + 0.2 M mannitol [24]
Citrus macrophylla (C-mac) Second and third newest leaves CTV CP-CP interacting BiFC plasmids gfp/35S — 260–280 psi 0.6/gold — — [8]
Olea europaea L. cv Canino Somatic embryogenesis pZ085 and pCGUδ0 gus/Ubi (sunflower) 580 kPa Tungsten or gold [44]
Olea europaea cv. “Picual” Embryogenic callus pCGU∆1 gus/Ubi (sunflower) nptII 900 psi 1.0/gold 6 0.2 mannitol 72.7% [41]
Ananas comosus “Phuket” and “Pattavia” Leaves of micropropagated shoots AHC25 gus/maize Ubi bar/maize ubiquitin promoter 1350 psi Gold 7 0.2 M mannitol 66.7–86.4% [29]
Ananas comosus L. cv. “Smooth Cayenne” Callus pDH-kanR, pBS420, pART7.35S.GUS, pBS247.SCSV4.GUS, pGEM-Ubi-GFP gus/35S or SCSV4, gfp/maize Ubi-1 and ppo gene (isolated from pineapple, for control of blackheart) under the control of 35S or maize Ubi-1 nptII/35S or SCSV4 1000 kPa 1.0/gold 18 — 0.21–1.5% [32]
Mangifera indica “Carabao” and “Kensington Pride” Nucellar proembryonic masses pBI426, pBINgfp-Ser gus, gfp /CaMV 35S nptII/CaMV 35S 125 psi 7/tungsten 15 0.2 M mannitol 1101 foci per microgram of DNA [46]
Phoenix dactylifera L.
“Estamaran”		 Emberyogenic callus pAct1-D gus/5′ region of the rice actin 1 1100 psi 1.6/gold 9 0.4 M mannitol 1383 GUS blue spots/bombard-ment [39]
Phoenix dactylifera L.
“Estamaran”		 Somatic embryos pAct1-D gus/5′ region of the rice actin 1 1350 psi 0.6/gold 6 0.4 M mannitol 6–12 blue spots/bombard-ment [39]
Phoenix dactylifera L.
“Siwy”		 Emberyogenic callus pBC4 Cholesterol oxidase gene/35S, gus/35S Kan resistance/35S 1300 psi Tungsten 9 0.2 M mannitol [40]

Table 1.

Description of gene transformation to some economically important tropical and subtropical fruit trees through biolistic method.

In other experiment [18], researchers transferred to the Musa spp. (AAB group) cv. Maçã the three plasmid constructions harboring uidA gene including pBI426 (70S promoter), pFF19 (70S promoter), and pCAMBIA1303 (35S promoter). The plasmids had been precipitated on the tungsten particles using 20 μL of spermidine and 50 μL of CaCl2 and then accelerated to penetrate callus tissue located at 9 cm from stopping screen using 1100 psi helium pressure force. The transient expression was observed for all constructs, but the best result was obtained for pBI426 due to achievement of the highest regenerated plant after 3 months.

For obtaining a successful transformation through the biolistic method, it is important to reduce physical stress entered on target tissues promoted by bombardment shock waves. Bombarded tissues may reduce their regeneration potential especially in the case of embryogenic callus and immature tissues. Therefore, such sensitive tissues should bombard with lower helium pressures and target distance. In most studies on gene transformation of banana by biolistic methods, it had been found that best results were obtained in 1100–1350 psi helium pressure and 6–9 cm target distance (Table 1).

Another strategy for increasing the transformation frequency in biolistic method is the integrating biolistic with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation especially with monocotyledons plants. It has been found that the infection of the Gongjiao (Musa acuminata L. AA group, cv. Mas) floral apices with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AGL1 contains pCAS04) suspension for 30 min after bombardment thrice with pCAS04 plasmid coated on the 0.6 μm gold particles under 1300 psi helium pressure force was increased transformation frequency 1.6- and 3.3-fold higher than that of gene gun and Agrobacterium methods, respectively [15].

2.1 Plant-based vaccine

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a worldwide disease causing chronic and acute infections in the human liver. Therefore, needful to produce a vaccine for this disease is very important. On the other hand, production of vaccines required a high cost whereas may not be possible to secure the large segment of the population in the world. An attempt was made by [19], to transfer the HBsAg gene, coding hepatitis B surface antigen to banana cv. Williams to make an alternative plant-based oral vaccine. After the bombardment of the banana meristems with pBHsAg plasmid vector harboring bar gene (inactivates phosphinothricin) as a selectable marker and HBsAg gene, they had detected the expression of antigen in banana which may have a potential to use it for security against this disease.

2.2 Disease resistance

Fusarium wilt race 1 is one of the limitation factors in banana production, caused by Fusarium oxysporum cubense f. sp. Due to cell wall of these fungi mainly made from chitin and β-1,3-glucan, therefore, presence of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in banana tissues can increase the level of resistance to this disease. This was achieved by banana gene transformation with chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase genes using biolistic method [20]. They also transferred reporter genes gfp and uidA along with the chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase genes to detection of the transformation occurrence and subsequent expression in buds of Rastali cultivar (Musa spp. AAB group).

Black Leaf Streak Disease (BLSD) is another worldwide banana disease caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis. The fungi induce streaks on the banana leaves which may lead to reduced fertility and may destroy the whole trees. On the other hand, infested plants usually produce a high level of free radicals, causing more challenges. In a research with goal to increase the level of banana tolerance to the BLSD reported by [21], they transferred two genes, including endochitinase (ThEn-42) and grape stilbene synthase (StSy) antifungal genes (with synergistic effect) together with chloroplastic (chl) Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase gene (Cu, Zu-SOD) (scavenging of free radical) to embryogenic callus of Cavendish banana (Musa spp. AAA group) cv. Grand Nain. After 4 years, the infection of the transgenic banana with these three genes was significantly reduced without any decrease in yield.

Advertisement

3. Citrus

The citrus breeding by traditional methods has some limitations including lengthy period of juvenility (8–10 years), polyembryony, incompatibility, parthenocarpy [22, 23], and high heterozygosity [24]. Molecular methods and gene transformation could be an alternative for breeding of the citruses and rapid regeneration with less time consumption. Currently, gene delivery into the epicotyl segments by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most widely used method for gene transformation of the citruses. However, this approach has several drawbacks including the high number of chimeric or non-transformed plants due to the requirement for larger explant and gradient concentrations of the selective agent to the explant [24] and low regeneration frequency of stably transformed cells and recalcitrant of some citrus genotypes to Agrobacterium infection [23]. On the other hand, the biolistic method provides several advantages over Agrobacterium-mediated transformation such as high transformation efficiency, simplicity of the plasmid constructs which allows for the integration of larger inserts, the co-transformation of more than one construct, and less biological damage to the explant [23, 24, 25].

Evaluating the transient expression of a gene can provide valuable information in association with various properties of its produced protein, such as subcellular localization and intra−/intercellular trafficking, stability and degradation, expression levels, and interactions with other proteins [8]. In order to initiate a procedure for transient and stable transformation of the uidA/nptII genes to embryogenic cell suspension of citrus Tangelo (Citrus reticulata Blanco × C. paradisi Macf.) cultivar “Page,” the researchers [26] used biolistic transformation method (Table 1).

Also, in other research [24], the uidA/nptII genes to thin epicotyl sections of the Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) cv. Pera were successfully delivered (Table 1). Recently the Carrizo immature epicotyl with another reporter gene gfp and also nptII gene as selectable marker through biolistic transformation are transferred [27].

Most reports on citrus gene transformation by biolistic were carried out on the transformation and expression detection of the selectable and scorable marker genes. However, result reported by [8] showed that the bombardment of the young leaves of the Citrus macrophylla (C-mac) with pSAT4-cEYFP-C1(B) harboring CPCTV-GFP using Bio-Rad Helios gene-gun could have been causing the express of CP in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the epidermal cells.

Advertisement

4. Pineapple

The first report on the using of the biolistic method for gene transformation of pineapple was published by [28]. They introduced an efficient system for transformation of protocorm-like bodies with gus/nptII genes and then confirmed the gene insertions at one to three loci by Southern hybridization. After that, the published results [29, 30, 31] indicated that the pineapple cv. Phuket to herbicide Basta® X (with glufosinate ammonium as the active component) can be resisted by transforming with bar gene using biolistic transformation method. The transgenic plants showed herbicide tolerance when they were sprayed with herbicide (with twice the routine dose which used in the field) and remained green and healthy after 7 months, whereas the non-transformed plants became necrotic and died after 21 days. The stable integration of the bar gene in to the genome of the transformed plants was confirmed with PCR, RT-PCR, and Southern analyses after 380 days.

One of the physiological disorders which limited the industry of the pineapple in different area productions in the world such as Australia is the internal browning or blackheart. This disorder causes severe loss when appearing at conditions with day/night temperatures below 25/20°C with low light during fruit development and also during storage and shipment [32, 33]. To control the internal browning by the molecular breeding methods, an effort was made by [32] in order to obtain a transgene resistant to blackheart through biolistic method. The leaf callus of Smooth Cayenne cultivar was bombarded with gold particles coated with pART7 plasmid harboring PINPPO1 gene (pineapple polyphenol oxidase gene) which could successfully attain resistant plants to blackheart with an efficiency of 0.21–1.5% based on the PCR and Southern blot analysis (Table 1). Recent studies demonstrated that low temperature (5°C) could reduce blackheart through upregulated AcGA2ox gene and reduce GA4 levels compared to the higher temperature (20°C) [33]. Also, the Del Monte Foods company introduces a red-fleshed pineapple “Rosé” by overexpression/suppression of some genes related to lycopene accumulation [34].

Advertisement

5. Date palm

One most important challenge face to genetical improvement of date palm through gene transformation and genome editing methods is difficult to regenerate in vitro due to lack of an efficient procedure for raped embryogenic callus induction. However, numerous successful protocols have been developed for regeneration of palm dates in in vitro conditions [35]. At present, shoot tips and immature inflorescence are mostly used for callus induction; however, several months and high levels of auxins (such as 2,4-D with100 mg/L concentration) are necessary that may induce epigenetic variation. Among the different tissues of date palm, the embryogenic callus and somatic embryos had more competencies to gene transformation [36]. Fortunately, the first report on date palm gene transformation had been done with biolistic method [37]. In this study embryogenic callus and somatic embryos of Kabkab cultivar were bombarded with gold particle coated with plasmid DNA construct carrying gus gene in different helium pressures (900, 1100, and 1350 psi) and target distances (6, 9, and 12 cm). The results indicated that highest gus expression in embryogenic callus was achieved when bombarded with 1100 psi/6 cm (helium pressures/target distance), whereas in somatic embryos, it was obtained in 1350 psi/9 cm. Date palm embryogenic callus exhibits the highest potential of transient expression (1383 gus blue spot per bombardment); however, somatic embryos present very lower potential of transient expression (9 ± 3 gus blue spot per bombardment). But they were more competent for attainment stable transformation [36, 38]. Unfortunately, the regeneration potential of embryogenic callus was dramatically decreased after bombardment due to shock wave. Recently, we introduce an efficient and optimized protocol for stable transformation of date palm Estamaran (Sayer) cultivar through biolistic transformation method [39]. Also, [40] developed a procedure for delivering the insecticidal cholesterol oxidase (ChoA) gene to embryogenic callus of Siwy cultivar through particle bombardment (Table 1). They transferred ChoA gene along with gus marker gene under control of 35S promoter and confirmed the insertions by gus assay, ELISA, and PCR.

Advertisement

6. Olive

Gene transformation to olive cultivars is considered as a difficult task due to recalcitrant nature of their tissues to regeneration process in vitro condition; however, it stays the most promising technique in respect to conventional and unconventional and even some biotechnological methods such as protoplast and somaclonal variation techniques. Classical methods of the olive breeding are more time-consuming, with very low efficient, due to lengthy seedling juvenile phase, alternation bearing, low fruitfulness, and low seed germinability [41, 42, 43].

The same as the other tropical fruit trees, the most of olive gene transformation studies were conducted using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. However, there are few reports on the gene transformation by means of biolistic method in which most of them were down to optimization of scorable and selectable marker genes. Successfully transferred gus gene under the control of sunflower ubiquitin promoter in to small somatic embryos of Canino olive cultivar by biolistic method was reported by [44]. Afterward [45] bombarded the embryogenic tissues of Picual cultivar with three different plasmid constructs harboring gus gene under control of 35S, 35S with enhancer and sunflower ubiquitin promoters, and found that the ubiquitin promoter could significantly enhance the gus gene expression in olive.

More recently, [41] introduced an optimized protocol for transformation of olive cv. Picual embryogenic callus with gus gene under the control of sunflower ubiquitin promoter and nptII selective gene (Table 1) and achieved 72.7% transformation efficiency for embryogenic calli.

Advertisement

7. Mango

The result of [46] study reported an optimized protocol for transient and stable transformation of mango “Carabao” and “Kensington Pride” by biolistic method. They successfully optimized different bombardment parameters (Table 1), whereas more than thousand foci were observed per each nucellar proembryonic masses bombarded with a μg plasmid DNA. Afterwards [47], genetically transformed somatic embryos of the three mango varieties Haden, Madame Francis, and Kent with pCAMBIA 3201 construct harboring gus and bar genes by particle bombardment. After 3 months, only 4% embryos of Kent variety survived, while the other varieties did not survive. They confirmed integration of gus and bar genes by means of gus assay and PCR.

Advertisement

8. Conclusion

Gene transfer to tropical fruit trees via biolistic method can lower GMO risk. Therefore, it is recommended to use this method to gene transformation and particular genome editing via CRISPR technique. So plants can be genetically modified with low risk for humans and the environment.

Advertisement

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the IntechOpen Editorial Board for this publication and also would thank Mr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan for the invitation to write this chapter. There was no financial support for this study.

Advertisement

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

References

  1. 1. Krishna H, Singh SK. Biotechnological advances in mango (Mangifera indica L.) and their future implication in crop improvement—A review. Biotechnology Advances. 2007;25(3):223-243. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.01.001
  2. 2. Rashid AHA, Lateef DD. Novel techniques for gene delivery into plants and its applications for disease resistance in crops. American Journal of Plant Sciences. 2016;7:181-193. DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.71019
  3. 3. Tanuja P, Kumar AL. Transgenic fruit crops—A review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2017;6(8):2030-2037. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.241
  4. 4. Keshavareddy G, Kumar ARV, Vemanna SR. Methods of plant transformation—A review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2018;7(7):2656-2668. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.312
  5. 5. Anami S, Njuguna E, Coussens G, Aesaert S, Van Lijsebettens M. Higher plant transformation: Principles and molecular tools. The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 2013;57:483-494. DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.130232mv
  6. 6. Litz RE, Padilla G. Genetic transformation of fruit trees. In: Schnell R, Priyadarshan P, editors. Genomics of Tree Crops. New York, NY: Springer; 2012. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0920-5_5
  7. 7. Lacroix B, Vaidya M, Tzfira T, Citovsky V. The VirE3 protein of Agrobacterium mimics a host cell function required for plant genetic transformation. The EMBO Journal. 2005;24(2):428-437. DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600524
  8. 8. Levy A, El-Mochtar C, Wang C, Goodin M, Orbovic V. A new toolset for protein expression and subcellular localization studies in citrus and its application to citrus tristeza virus proteins. Plant Methods. 2018;14:2. DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0270-7
  9. 9. Bhatnagar S, Kapur A, Khurana P. Evaluation of parameters for high efficiency gene transfer via particle bombardment in Indian mulberry. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2002;40:1387-1392
  10. 10. Gardner RC. Gene transfer into tropical and subtropical crops. Scientia Horticulturae. 1993;55:65-82. DOI: 10.1016/0304-4238 (93)90025-L
  11. 11. Sanford JC. The biolistic process. Trends in Biotechnology. 1988;6:299-302. DOI: 10.1016/0167-7799
  12. 12. Klein TM. Particle bombardment: An established weapon in the arsenal of plant biotechnologists. In: Stewart N Jr, Touraev A, Citovsky V, Tzfira T, editors. Plant Transformation Technologies. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011. DOI: 10.1002/9780470958988.ch3
  13. 13. Lee DW, Kim JK, Lee S, Choi S, Kim S, Hwang I. Arabidopsis nuclear-encoded plastid transit peptides contain multiple sequence subgroups with distinctive chloroplast-targeting sequence motifs. The Plant Cell. 2008;20:1603-1622. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.060541
  14. 14. Sagi L, Panis B, Remy S, Schoofs H, De Smet K, Swennen R, et al. Genetic transformation of banana and plantain (Musa spp.) via particle bombardment. Nature Biotechnology. 1995;13(5):481. DOI: 10.1038/nbt0595-481
  15. 15. Liu J, Gao P, Sun X, Zhang J, Sun P, Wang J, et al. Efficient regeneration and genetic transformation platform applicable to five Musa varieties. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 2017;25:33-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.11.002
  16. 16. Becker DK, Dugdale B, Smith MK, Harding RM, Dale JL. Genetic transformation of Cavendish banana (Musa spp. AAA group) cv ‘Grand Nain’ via microprojectile bombardment. Plant Cell Reports. 2000;19(3):229-234. DOI: 10.1007/s002990050004
  17. 17. Chee WW, Jalil M, Abdullah MO, Othman RY, Khalid N. Comparison of beta-glucuronidase expression and anatomical localization in bombarded immature embryos of banana cultivar mas via biolistic transformation. Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. 2005;13(1):15-22
  18. 18. Houllou-Kido LM, Kido EA, Falco MC, Silva Filho MDC, Figueira AVDO, Nogueira NDL, et al. Somatic embryogenesis and the effect of particle bombardment on banana Maçã regeneration. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 2005;40(11):1081-1086. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-204X2005001100005
  19. 19. Elkholy SF, Ismail RM, Bahieldin A, Sadik AS, Madkour MA. Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) gene in transgenic banana (Musa Spp.). Arab Journal of Biotechnology. 2009;12:291-302. DOI: 10.4172/0974-276X-C1-104
  20. 20. Subramaniam S, Mahmood M, Meon S, Rathinam X. Genetic engineering for tolerance to Fusarium wilt race 1 in Musa sapientum cv. Rastali (AAB) using biolistic gun transformation system. Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology. 2010;4(2):65-75
  21. 21. Vishnevetsky J, White TL, Palmateer AJ, Flaishman M, Cohen Y, Elad Y, et al. Improved tolerance toward fungal diseases in transgenic Cavendish banana (Musa spp. AAA group) cv. Grand Nain. Transgenic Research. 2011;20(1):61-72. DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-93927
  22. 22. Moore GA, Rogers KL, Kamps TL, Pajon M, Stover J, Febres VJ, et al. Rapid cycling plant breeding in citrus. In: Metarex® 4% Snail and Slug Bait. 2016. p. 80
  23. 23. Febres V, Fisher L, Khalaf A, Moore GA. Citrus transformation: Challenges and prospects. In: Genetic Transformation. Rijeka: InTech; 2011
  24. 24. Bespalhok Filho JC, Kobayashi AK, Pereira LF, Galvão RM, Vieira LG. Transient gene expression of beta-glucuronidase in citrus thin epicotyl transversal sections using particle bombardment. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2003;46(1):1-6. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-89132003000100001
  25. 25. Dönmez D, Şimşek Ö, Kaçar YA. Genetic engineering techniques in fruit science. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR). 2016;2(12):115-128
  26. 26. Yao JL, Wu JH, Gleave AP, Morris BA. Transformation of citrus embryogenic cells using particle bombardment and production of transgenic embryos. Plant Science. 1996;113(2):175-183. DOI: 10.1016/0168-9452(95)04292-X
  27. 27. Wu H, Acanda Y, Jia H, Wang N, Zale J. Biolistic transformation of Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.). Plant Cell Reports. 2016;35(9):1955-1962. DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2010-2
  28. 28. Nan GL, Nagai C. Genetic transformation of pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) via particle bombardment. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology Animal. 1998;34:1052
  29. 29. Sripaoraya S, Marchant R, Power JB, Davey MR. Herbicide-tolerant transgenic pineapple (Ananas comosus) produced by microprojectile bombardment. Annals of Botany. 2001;88(4):597-603. DOI: 10.1006/anbo.2001.150
  30. 30. Sripaoraya S, Keawsompong S, Insupa P, Davey MR, Power JB, Srinives P. Evaluation of transgene stability, gene expression and herbicide tolerance of genetically modified pineapple under field conditions. Acta Horticulturae. 2006;(702):37-40. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.702.3
  31. 31. Sripaoraya S, Keawsompong S, Insupa P, Davey MR, Power JB, Srinives P. Genetically manipulated pineapple: Transgene stability, gene expression and herbicide tolerance under field conditions. Plant Breeding. 2006;125:411-413. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2006.01229.x
  32. 32. Ko HL, Campbell PR, Jobin-Décor MP, Eccleston KL, Graham MW, Smith MK. The introduction of transgenes to control blackheart in pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) cv. Smooth Cayenne by microprojectile bombardment. Euphytica. 2006;150(3):387. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-006-9124-5
  33. 33. Zhang Q, Rao X, Zhang L, He C, Yang F, Zhu S. Mechanism of internal browning of pineapple: The role of gibberellins catabolism gene (AcGA2ox) and GAs. Scientific Reports. 2016;6:33344. DOI: 10.1038/srep33344
  34. 34. Ogata T, Yamanaka S, Shoda M, Urasaki N, Yamamoto T. Current status of tropical fruit breeding and genetics for three tropical fruit species cultivated in Japan: Pineapple, mango, and papaya. Breeding Science. 2016;66(1):69-81. DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.69
  35. 35. Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV. Date Palm Biotechnology Protocols, Volume 1: Tissue Culture Applications, Methods in Molecular Biology. New York: Humana Press; 2017. 1637p. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7156-5
  36. 36. Mousavi M, Mousavi A, Habashi A, Arzani K. Optimization of physical and biological parameters for transient expression of uidA gene in embryogenic callus of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) via particle bombardment. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2009;8:3721-3730
  37. 37. Mousavi M, Mousavi A, Habashi AA, Arzani K. Investigation on ability of date palm gene transformation. In: Proceedings of 5th Iranian Horticultural Sciences Congress. Iran: Shiraz University; 2007. p. 244
  38. 38. Mousavi M, Mousavi A, Habashi AA, Arzani K, Dehsara B. Transient transformation of date palm via Agrobacterium-mediated and particle bombardment. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 2014;26(6):528-539. DOI: 10.9755/ejfa.v26i6.16754
  39. 39. Mousavi M, Mousavi A, Habashi AA, Arzani K, Dehsara B, Brajeh M. Genetic transformation of date palm via microprojectile bombardment. In: Al-Khayri J, Jain S, Johnson D, editors. Date Palm Biotechnology Protocols Volume I. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2017. pp. 269-280. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7156-5_22
  40. 40. Allam MA, Saker MM. Microprojectile bombardment transformation of date palm using the insecticidal cholesterol oxidase (ChoA) gene. In: Date Palm Biotechnology Protocols Volume I. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2017. pp. 281-293. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7156-5_23
  41. 41. Pérez-Barranco G, Torrebl Lavianca R, Padilla IM, Sánchez-Romero C, Pliego-Alfaro F, Mercado JA. Studies on genetic transformation of olive (Olea europaea L.) somatic embryos: I. Evaluation of different aminoglycoside antibiotics for nptII selection; II. Transient transformation via particle bombardment. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 2009;97(3):243-251. DOI: 10.1007/s11240-009-9520-3
  42. 42. Rugini E, Gutiérrez Pesce P. Genetic improvement of olive. Pomologia Croatica. 2006;12(1):43-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.03.004
  43. 43. Rugini E, Cristofori V, Silvestri C. Genetic improvement of olive (Olea europaea L.) by conventional and in vitro biotechnology methods. Biotechnology Advances. 2016;34(5):687-696. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.03.004
  44. 44. Lambardi M, Benelli C, Amorosi S, Branca C, Caricato G, Rugini E. Microprojectile-DNA delivery in somatic embryos of olive (Olea europaea L.). In: III International Symposium on Olive Growing. 1997. pp. 505-510
  45. 45. Pliego-Alfaro F, Pérez-Barranco G, Sánchez-Romero C, Mercado JA. Genetic transformation of olive somatic embryos through biolistic. In: International Symposium on Biotechnology of Temperate Fruit Crops and Tropical Species; 10-14 October, 2005. Florida USA: Hilton Daytona Beach/Ocean Walk Village Daytona Beach; 2005. p. 166
  46. 46. Cruz-Hernande A, Town L, Cavallaro A, Botella JR. Transient and stable transformation in mango by particle bombardment. Acta Horticulturae. 2000;509:237-242
  47. 47. Chavarri M, Vegas A, Za mbrano AY, Demey JR. Transformación de embriones somáticos de mango por biobalística. Interciencia. 2004;29(5):261-266

Written By

Mousa Mousavi and Mohsen Brajeh Fard

Submitted: 06 May 2018 Reviewed: 07 September 2018 Published: 23 October 2019

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Continue reading from the same book

View All
Chapter 7 Molecular Approaches to Address Intended and Unint...

By Lerato B.T. Matsaunyane and Ian A. Dubery

1260 downloads

Chapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Transgenics—Crops Tailored f...

By Muhammad Sarwar Khan and Kauser Abdulla Malik

1203 downloads

Chapter 2 The Role of Plant Genotype, Culture Medium and Agr...

By Phetole Mangena

1587 downloads